International Standards for Cross-Border Intellectual Property Protection: A Current Assessment of the Impact on Domestic Mechanisms

INTRODUCTION. This article examines the impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on domestic legislation regarding the cross-border protection of intellectual property rights. This agreement is the universal international standard for the protection of intellectual property rights in international trade. In the context of digitalization, economic crisis, and geopolitical tensions, issues related to the implementation of TRIPS provisions require new assessment approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study utilized methods including systems analysis, comparative legal analysis, classification, historical analysis, problem-based analysis, and formal legal analysis.

RESEARCH RESULTS. The authors identified two key aspects of the impact of TRIPS provisions on Russian national legislation, including in the context of Eurasian economic integration. The first aspect is the unification of border measures for the protection of intellectual property rights and is expressed in the convergence of administrative procedures for such protection. The second aspect is reflected in the regulation of the principle of exhaustion of exclusive rights to intellectual property. Based on an analysis of scientific literature and regulatory materials, this article assesses the incorporation of TRIPS provisions into domestic legislation and the law of the Eurasian Economic Union.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis reveals the positive impact of TRIPS provisions on the formation and development of border measures to protect intellectual property rights during the crossborder movement of goods containing intellectual property. Regarding the principle of exhaustion of rights, the recommendatory nature of its enshrinement in TRIPS has prevented its unification in the states parties to the agreement. This article concludes that the idea of unifying the principle of exhaustion of rights is irrelevant in modern interstate economic relations. It also notes the need to develop national models of the principle of exhaustion of exclusive rights and prioritize the regulation of these issues through bilateral international treaties.

1. Abdullin A.I. Genezis prava intellektual'noj sobstvennosti v Evropejskom Soyuze: prichiny i predposylki garmonizacionnogo processa [Genesis of Intellectual Property Law in the European Union: Causes and Prerequisites for the Harmonization Process]. – Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta im. A.N. Tupoleva [Bulletin of the Kazan State Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev]. 2006. № 3. S. 61-65. (In Russ.)

2. Abdullin A.I. Novoe Rossijskoe zakonodatel'stvo i Evropejskij opyt v sfere pravovoj ohrany intellektual'noj sobstvennosti [New Russian Legislation and European Experience in the Sphere of Legal Protection of Intellectual Property]. – Vestnik ekonomiki, prava i sociologii [Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology]. 2007. № 1. S. 64- 69. (In Russ.)

3. Agamagomedova S.A. Problema ischerpaniya prav v usloviyah formirovaniya edinogo ekonomicheskogo prostranstva [The Problem of Exhaustion of Rights in the Context of the Formation of a Single Economic Space]. – Hozyajstvo i parvo [Business and Law]. 2012. № 11 (430). S. 113-120. (In Russ.)

4. Agamagomedova S.A. Problemy «parallel'nogo importa» v pravoprimenitel'noj praktike tamozhennyh organov Tamozhennogo soyuza Rossii, Belorussii i Kazahstana [Problems of "Parallel Import" in Law Enforcement Practice of Customs Authorities of the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan]. – Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Povolzhskij region. Obshchestvennye nauki [News of Higher Education Institutions. Volga Region. Social Sciences]. 2013. № 3 (27). S. 25-35. (In Russ.)

5. Alawsi H., Al-Ayash A.A., Ibrahim F.M., Mohammed M.N. Balancing Innovation and Protection: Intellectual Property Law in the Era of Digital Transformation. – Tech Fusion in Business and Society. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Eds. by R.K. Hamdan. 2025. Vol. 234. Р. 413- 422. Springer, Cham. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84636-6_35 (accessed date: 01.03.2026).

6. Böttger F. Legal and Institutional Framework of IP Protection in Central America. – CAFTA-DR, European Free Trade Agreements and the Industrial Property System in Central America. Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition. 2025. Vol 21. Р. 61-162. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-93440-7_2.

7. Cheng D., Zhao L. Main Amendments of Chinese Intellectual Property Law. – New Progress of Regulations and Judicial Practice of Intellectual Property. Eds. by D. Cheng, X. Yu, K. Bacher. Springer, Singapore. 2025. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-6095-4_1.

8. Gavrilov E.P. Nuzhna principial'no novaya pravovaya sistema dlya geograficheskih ukazanij i naimenovanij mesta proiskhozhdeniya tovara [A Fundamentally New Legal System for Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin is Needed]. – Hozyajstvo i pravo [Business and Law]. 2020. № 5 (520). S. 27-32. (In Russ.)

9. Gavrilov E.P. Princip ischerpaniya isklyuchitel'nogo prava i ego tol'kovaniya v Postanovlenii konstitucionnogo Suda RF [The Principle of Exhaustion of the Exclusive Right and Its Limitation in the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation]. – Hozyajstvo i parvo [Business and Law]. 2018. № 5 (496). S. 36-46. (In Russ.)

10. Mifsud P., Muscat S. Sustainability and Intellectual Property in Malta. – Sustainability Objectives in Competition and Intellectual Property Law. LIDC Contributions on Antitrust Law, Intellectual Property and Unfair Competition. Eds. by P. Këllezi, P. Kobel, B. Kilpatrick. Springer, Cham. 2024. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44869-0_18.

11. Pandey A., Mishra A. Conflict and Coexistence of Human Rights: An Exploratory Study with Reference to Intellectual Property Rights. J. Hum. – Rights Soc. Work 10. 2025. P. 43-54. DOI: 10.1007/s41134-024-00361-9.

12. Perera A. Dilemmas of Intellectual Property Discourse in Sri Lanka. Springer Singapore. 2024. 234 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-6117-3.

13. Pirogova V.V. Soglashenie TRIPS (VTO): ischerpanie prav i parallel'nyj import [The TRIPS Agreement (WTO): Exhaustion of Rights and Parallel Imports]. – Gosudarstvo i parvo [State and Law]. 2012. № 6. S. 119-122. (In Russ.)

14. SHugurov M.V. Soglashenie TRIPS, mezhdunarodnyj transfer tekhnologij i posledstviya usileniya zashchity prav intellektual'noj sobstvennosti [The TRIPS Agreement, International Technology Transfer and the Consequences of Strengthening the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights] – Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizacii [International Law and International Organizations]. 2015. № 4. S. 405-436. URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=67245 (data obrashcheniya: 01.03.2026). (In Russ.)

15. Upreti P.N., Guida A. Towards (Global) Food Equity – The Role of Intellectual Property and Trade. IIC 56. 2025. P. 6-34. DOI: 10.1007/s40319-024-01560-7.

16. Vorob'ev N.S. Intellektual'naya sobstvennost' v cifrovuyu epohu: problemy mezhdunarodno-pravovogo i nacional'nogo regulirovaniya [Intellectual Property in the Digital Age: Problems of International Legal and National Regulation]. – ZHurnal rossijskogo prava [Journal of Russian Law]. 2022. № 7. S. 137-146. DOI: 10.12737/jrl.2022.078. (In Russ.)

17. Vorozhevich A. Minimal'nyj standart zashchity patentnyh prav po Soglasheniyu TRIPS [Minimum Standard of Patent Protection under the TRIPS Agreement]. – Hozyajstvo i parvo [Business and Law]. 2018. № 10 (501). S. 39-63. (In Russ.)

18. Yang M. Intellectual Property Creation and Cumulative Innovation: A Behavioural Study of Property Rights. – Basic Theories of Intellectual Property Transaction. Springer, Singapore. 2025а. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-7039-0_2.

19. Yang M. Price Theory in Intellectual Property Transactions. – Basic Theories of Intellectual Property Transaction. Springer, Singapore. 2025б. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-7039-0_5.

20. Zhang X. Cross-Border E-Commerce Risk Management. – Introduction to Cross-Border E-Commerce Ecosystem. Springer, Singapore. 2025. Р. 247-269. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-1165-2_10.