Trends of development of international legal fight against terrorism

INTRODUCTION.The relevance of a research of international legal fight against terrorism does not raise doubts as terrorism reasonably belongs to the most dangerous threats to peace and safety of mankind. The solution of a modern problem of terrorism demands not only national, but also international mechanisms. According to the author, it is early to speak about successful opposition to this evil. Therefore, the research of the current state and trends of development of that part of international law that is devoted to counteraction to terrorism is extremely important.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The versatile international legal base connected with various aspects of fight against terrorism was created for more than centenary period. Universal and regional anti-terrorist conventions, legal documents of the international organizations, decisions of the International Courts of Justice and tribunals were investigated to reveal trends of international legal fight against terrorism. The research is based on use of methods of inductive generalization, the comparative and legal analysis (mainly in its functional option) and the legalistic analysis.

RESEARCH RESULTS. The most significant trends of development of international legal fight against terrorism are shown in work. It is: coordination as opinio juris of the legal indications of terrorism, legal mechanisms of counteraction to it; the institutional development of international legal fight against terrorism expressed as formation of the definitive device and the organizational mechanism; isolation of legal instructions of basic character for international legal fight against terrorism; the growing role of the International Courts of Justice and tribunals in administration of justice against terrorism; formation two substantially various terrorist crimes: in a situation of wartime and in a "civil" situation.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. By results of a research the author formulates a number of the offers capable to have a positive impact on the future of international legal fight against terrorism. In particular, the author shows that in order to form an effective international legal mechanism for combating terrorism, it is required at the UN level to agree on the concept of terrorism, to form a generally acceptable list of criminal terrorist acts prohibited by international law, to systematize international legal sources related to the fight against terrorism. 

1. Abashidze A.Kh. Bor'ba s terrorizmom, mezhdunarodnyy ugolovnyy sud i Rossiyskaya Federatsiya [The Fight against Terrorism, the International Criminal Court and the Russian Federation]. – Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk [Russian Yearbook of International Law. Special Issue]. Saint Petersburg.: Rossiya-Neva Publ. 2003. P. 35–40. (In Russ.)

2. Awotoye T. O. State responsibility as a panacea to international terrorism. – Humanities and Social Sciences. 2013. Vol. 1. No. 1. Р. 28–45. DOI: 10.11648/j. hss.20130101.15.

3. Bekyashev K.A. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo [International Law]. Moscow: Prospekt Publ. 2019. 1048 p. (In Russ.)

4. Bekyashev K.A. Neobkhodimo li vnesenie ser'eznykh izmeneniy v sushchestvuyushchuyu sistemu norm mezhdunarodnogo prava? [Is it necessary to make serious changes to the existing system of international law?]. – Budushchee mezhdunarodnogo prava. Pod red. K.A. Bekyasheva [The Future of International Law. Ed. by K.A. Bekyashev]. Moscow: Prospekt Publ. 2016. P. 17–47. (In Russ.)

5. Bergesen A.J., Lizardo O. International Terrorism and the World-System – Sociological Theory. 2004. Vol. 22. No. 1. Р. 38–52.

6. Cassese A. International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. 560 р.

7. Cassese A. Terrorism is also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal Categories in International Law. – European Journal of International Law. 2001. Vol. 12. Issue 5. P. 993–1001.

8. Chernichenko S.V. Kontury mezhdunarodnogo prava. Obshchie voprosy [International Law Contours]. Moscow: Nauchnaya kniga Publ. 2014. 592 p. (In Russ.)

9. Duffy H. The “War on Terror” and the Framework of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. 488 p.

10. Entin M. L. Sotrudnichestvo gosudarstv v bor'be s mezhdunarodnym terrorizmom: nekotorye novye tendentsii [State Cooperation in the Fight against International Terrorism: some new trends]. – Ezhegodnik sovetskoy assotsiatsii politicheskikh nauk [The Yearbook of the Soviet Assotiation of Political Sciences]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. 1990. P. 24–35. (In Russ.)

11. Fahey S. [et al.]. A situational model for distinguishing terrorist and non-terrorist aerial hijackings, 1948–2007. – Justice Quarterly. 2012. Vol. 29. Issue 4. Р. 573–595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.583265.

12. Fullerton М. Terrorism, Torture, аnd Refugee Protection in the United States. – Refugee Survey Quarterly. 2011. Vol. 29. No. 4. Р. 4–30. DOI: DOI:10.1093/rsq/hdq040.

13. Gillett M., Schuster M. Fast-track Justice. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon Defines Terrorism. – Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2011. Vol. 9. Issue 5. P. 989– 1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr036.

14. González M.P. Terrorismo y Conflictos Armados. La Prohibición de los Actos Terroristas por el Derecho Internacional Humanitario. – Lucha Contra El Terrorismo Y Derecho Internacional. Madrid: Instituto Español De Estudios Estratégicos. 2006. P. 79–102.

15. Hmoud M. Negotiating the Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism. Major Bones of Contention. – Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2006. Vol. 4. Issue 5. Р. 1031–1043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql081.

16. Jenkins B.M. International terrorism: a new kind of warfare. 1974. URL: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P5261.pdf (accessed date: 12.06.2019).

17. Jodoin S. Terrorism as a War Crime. – International Criminal Law Review. 2007. Vol.7. Issue 1. Р. 77–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156753607X181622.

18. Koskenniemi M. Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From Diversification and Expansion of International Law. Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission. 2007. 256 p. URL: https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_l682.pdf (accessed date: 12.06.2019).

19. Kurs mezhdunarodnogo prava v 7 tomakh. T. 1: Ponyatie, predmet i sistema mezhdunarodnogo prava. Otv. red. R.A. Myullerson, G.I. Tunkin [The Course of International Law in 7 volumes. Vol. 1: The Concept, Subject and System of International Law. Ed. by R.A. Myullerson, G.I. Tunkin]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. 1989. 360 p. (In Russ.)

20. Lukashuk I.I. Pravo mezhdunarodnoi otvetstvennosti [Law of International Responsibility]. Moscow: Volters Kluver Publ. 2004. 218 p. (In Russ.)

21. Lyakhov E.G., Lyakhov D.E., Alimov A.A. Bezopasnost' gosudarstva i mirovogo soobshchestva: teoretiko-pravovaya formula obespecheniya v XX veke [Security of the State and the World Community: Theoretical and Legal Formula for Provision in the 21st Century]. Chelyabinsk: Tsitsero Publ. 2015. 302 p. (In Russ.)

22. Masahiko A. A. Security Council Resolution 1540 to Combat WMD Terrorism: Effectiveness and Legitimacy in International Legislation. – Journal of Conflict & Security Law. 2009. Vol. 13. Issue 3. Р. 303–332. DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/krp002.

23. Moeckli D. The Emergence of Terrorism as a Distinct Category of International Law. – Texas International Law Journal. 2008. Vol. 44. P. 157–183.

24. Orlova I.A., Patsek M. Mezhdunarodno-pravovye aspekty bor'by s mezhdunarodnym terrorizmom: problemy pravovogo regulirovaniya [International Legal Aspects of Fight against the International Terrorism: Problems of Legal Regulation]. – Administrative Consulting. 2018. No. 4. P. 8–15. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22394/1726-1139-2018- 4-8-15.

25. Ostroukhov N.V., Romashev Yu.S. O kodifikatsii mezhdunarodnogo prava [On the Codification of International Law]. – Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2014. No. 3. P. 217−224. (In Russ.)

26. Rosand E. The UN-Led Multilateral Institutional Response to Jihadist Terrorism: Is a Global Counterterrorism Body Needed? – Journal Conflict & Security Law. 2006. Vol. 11. Issue. 3. Р. 399–427. DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/krl026.

27. Saul B. Defining Terrorism in International Law. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 2008. 373 p.

28. Sinyakin I.I. Perspektivy mezhdunarodno-pravovogo sotrudnichestva po bor'be s terrorizmom. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2017. No. 1. P. 78–87. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24833/0869-0049-2017-1-78-87.

29. Sion L. Too Sweet and Innocent for War? Dutch Peacekeepers and the Use of Violence. – Armed Forces and Society. 2014. Vol. 32. No. 3. P. 454–474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X05281453.

30. Ventura M.J. Terrorism According to the STL’s Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law. A Defining Moment or a Moment of Defining? – Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2011. Vol. 9. Issue 5. P. 1021–1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr046.

31. Volevodz A.G. K voprosu o sushchnosti i soderzhanii mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva v bor'be s prestupnost'yu [On the Essence and Content of International Cooperation in the Fight against Crime], – Mezhdunarodnoe ugolovnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnaya yustitsiya. 2007. No. 1. P. 11–20. (In Russ.)

32. Ward C. A. Building Capacity To Combat International Terrorism: The Role Of The United Nations Security Council. – Journal of Conflict & Security Law. 2003. Vol. 8. Issue 2. Р. 289–305. DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/8.2.289.

33. Zverev P.G. The Problems of Interaction of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law during Armed Conflicts. – International Law. 2015. No. 4. P. 1–22.