Structural and Functional Interaction between International Law and lex sportiva and Technical Methods of Transforming their Norms

   INTRODUCTION. The purpose of the article was to examine how two different regulatory entities - international sports law and lex sportiva - interact with each other in structural and functional terms. When characterizing the structural interaction, the author set herself the task of identifying the place of each of these normative complexes in the system of a larger whole. When analyzing functional interaction, the author viewed her task as considering the process in two aspects: static (delineation of the limits of regulatory influence) and dynamic (interference of regulatory efforts). As a result of studying the dynamic aspect of functional interaction, the techniques of incorporation, legitimation, and reference were characterized; the author gave the examples of the incorporation of the norms of the International standards adopted in addition to the World Anti-Doping Code into an international legal act - the 2005 UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport, legitimation of the norms of the 2014 Council of Europe Convention against Manipulation of Sports Competitions through the adoption of the 2015 Code of the Olympic Movement on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions, and two types of reference: references to the World Anti-Doping Code in an international treaty - the 2005 UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport of 2005 and references to international legal acts in the field of human rights in the FIFA Statutes (starting from 2016) and in
the FIFA Human Rights Policy of 2017.
   MATERIALS AND METHODS. The author listed the applicable international legal acts and acts of lex sportiva, studied the scientific works of leading representatives of domestic and foreign doctrine on such issues as the criteria for recognizing a specific branch of international law, the subject of regulation and the nature of transnational law, the interplay between international law and lex sportiva. Among the general scientific methods the author utilized substrate (substantive), structural and systemic approaches; comparative and hermeneutic approaches should be mentioned as the specific scientific methods used.
   RESEARCH RESULTS. As a result of the analysis of the structural interaction of the two regulatory orders, the author identified the place of international sports law in the system of international law and the place of lex sportiva in global law. When considering the static aspect of functional interaction based on the analysis of the content of the principle of autonomy of sport, a number of exclusive subjects of regulation by lex sportiva were identified. In the course of studying the dynamic aspect, the author characterized three types of transformation - the transfiguration of norms and their transition from one normative order to another - from the point of view of legal technique (incorporation, legitimation, reference).
   DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In the author’s opinion, international sports law is a branch of public international law at the stage of its formation, and lex sportiva is an institution of transnational global law formed as a result of the activities of non-governmental actors. The study of the static aspect of the functional interaction between international sports law and lex sportiva indicates that the issues regulated by sports organizations in an autonomous manner include the establishment of rules for sports competitions, as well as issues of the internal life of sports organizations. The dynamics of transnational processes significantly expands the interaction between international sports law and lex sportiva and the transition (transformation) of norms from one regulatory complex to another in such areas as the fight against doping, countering the manipulation of sports competitions, introducing international legal standards in the field of human rights protection.

1. Ametistov E. M. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i trud [International law and labor]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ. 1982. 272 p. (In Russ.)

2. Anufrieva L. P. Sootnoshenie mezhdunarodnogo publichnogo i mezhdunarodnogo chastnogo prava: pravovye kategorii [Correlation of international public and international private law: legal categories]. Moscow: Spark Publ. 2002. 415 p. (In Russ.)

3. Butkevich V. G. Sootnoshenie vnutrigosudarstvennogo i mezhdunarodnogo prava [Correlation of Municipal and International Law]. Kiev: Vysshaya shkola Publ. 1981. 311 p. (In Russ.)

4. Buy F. [et al]. Droit du sport. Paris: Lextenso éditions. 2009. 288 p.

5. Chappelet J.-L. Autonomy of sport in Europe. Strasbourg: Editions du Conseil de l’Europe. 2010. 110 p.

6. Chernichenko S. V. Teoriya mezhdunarodnogo prava. V 2-kh tomakh. Tom 1: Sovremennye teoreticheskie problem [Theory of International Law.In 2 volumes. Vol.1.: Contemporary Theoretical Problems]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo “NIMP” Publ. 336 p. (In Russ.)

7. Gaverdovskii A. S. Implementatsiya norm mezhdunarodnogo prava [Implementation of norms of international law]. Kiev: Vysshaya shkola Publ. 1980. 320 p. (In Russ.)

8. Ignatenko G. V. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i vnutrigosudarstvennoe pravo: problemy sopryazhennosti i vzaimodeistviya: sbornik nauchnykh publikatsii za 40 let (1972 – 2011 gg.) [International law and Municipal Law: problems of conjugacy and interaction: collection of scientific publications for 40 years (1972 – 2011)]. Moscow: Norma Publ. 2012. 416 p. (In Russ.)

9. Jessup P. Transnational Law. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1956. 113 p.

10. Kapustin A. Ya. Mezhdunarodnye organizatsii v globaliziruyushchemsya mire [International organizations in the globalizing world]. Moscow: RUDN Publ. 2010. 316 p. (In Russ.)

11. Kolosov Yu. M. Massovaya informatsiya i mezhdunarodnoe pravo [Mass Information and International Law]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ. 168 p. (In Russ.)

12. Latty F. La lex sportiva: recherche sue le droit transnational. Leiden; Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2007. 849 p.

13. Levin D. B. Problema sootnosheniya mezhdunarodnogo i vnutrigosudarstvennogo prava [The problem of correlation of international and national law]. – Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1964. No. 77. P.92-93. (In Russ.)

14. Marochkin S. Yu. Deistvie i realizatsiya norm mezhdunarodnogo prava v pravovoi sisteme Rossiiskoi Federatsii [The Operation of International Law in the Russian Legal System]. Moscow: Norma Publ. 2011. 288 p. (In Russ.)

15. Mel'nik T. E. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie i samoregulirovanie v oblasti fizicheskoi kul'tury i sporta [State regulation and self-regulation in the field of physical culture and sports]. – Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava. 2012. No.3. P. 23-32. (In Russ.)

16. Müllerson R. A. Sootnoshenie mezhdunarodnogo i natsional'nogo prava [Correlation of International and National Law]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ. 1982. 136 p. (In Russ.)

17. Panagiotopoulos D. Sports Law. Lex Sportiva and Lex Olympica. Theory and Praxis. Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. 2011. 740 p.

18. Ponkin I. V., Ponkina A. I. O korrelyatsii lex sportiva i sportivnogo prava [Correlation of the lex sportiva and the sports law]. – RUDN Journal of Law. 2012. No. 3. P. 109-118. (In Russ.)

19. Rigozzi A. L’Arbitrage international en matière de sport. Paris: Bruylant, L. G. D. J., Helbing & Lichtenhahn. 2005. 880 p.

20. Shumilov V. M. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i global'naya pravovaya sistema [International Law and the Global Legal System]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2002. No. 4. P. 3-19. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.24833/0869-0049-2002-4

21. Shumilov V. M. Ponyatie global'noi normativnoi sistemy [The concept of a global regulatory system]. – Sumus ubi sumus. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo XXI veka: mir i bezopasnost', sotrudnichestvo, prava cheloveka: Liber amicorum v chest' professora Lyudmily Petrovny Anufrievoi. Otv. red. N. A. Sokolova [Sumus ubi sumus. International law of the XXI century: peace and security, cooperation, human rights: Liber amicorum in honor of Professor Lyudmila P. Anufrieva. Ed. by N. A. Sokolova]. Moscow: Prospekt. 2016. P. 301-307.(In Russ.)

22. Shurshalov V. M. Mezhdunarodnye pravootnosheniya [International legal relations]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ. 1971. 238 p. (In Russ.)

23. Solov'ev A. A. Zarubezhnye modeli i opyt kodifikatsii sportivnogo zakonodatel'stva [Foreign models and experience of codification of sports legislation]. Moscow: Komissiya po sportivnomu pravu Assotsiatsii yuristov Rossii Publ. 2011. 100 p. (In Russ.)

24. Talalaev A. N. Sootnoshenie mezhdunarodnogo i vnutrigosudarstvennogo prava i Konstitutsiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Correlation of international and national law and the Constitution of the Russian Federation]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 1994. No. 4. P. 3-15. (In Russ). URL: https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2359

25. Usenko E. T. Teoreticheskie problemy sootnosheniya mezhdunarodnogo i vnutrigosudarstvennogo prava [Theoretical problems of correlation of international and national law]. – Sovetskii ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava, 1977 [Soviet Yearbook of International Law, 1977]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. 1979. P. 57-86. (In Russ.)

26. Vel'yaminov G. M. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo: opyty [International law: experiments]. Moscow: Statut Publ. 2015. 1006 p. (In Russ.)

27. Zakharova L. I. Gorizontal'nye i vertikal'nye spory v oblasti sporta: ob"em protsessual'nykh garantii [Horizontal and vertical disputes in the field of sports: the scope of procedural guarantees]. – Sbornik tezisov XX Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii "Kutafinskie chteniya" MGYuA «Rol' prava v obespechenii blagopoluchiya cheloveka». 23-26 noyabrya 2021 g. [Collection of theses of the XX International Scientific and Practical Conference "Kutafin Readings" of the Kutafin Moscow State Law Institute "The role of law in ensuring human well-being". November 23-26, 2021]. Moscow: Prospekt Publ. 2022. P. 408-411. (In Russ.)

28. Zakharova L. I. Lex mercatoria i lex sportiva: osobennosti, skhodstva i razlichiya [Lex mercatoria and Lex sportiva: peculiarities, similarities and differences]. – Lex Russica. 2019. No. 11. P.70-78. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2019.156.11.070-078

29. Zakharova L. I. Osnovnye napravleniya regulirovaniya sportivnoi deyatel'nosti v ramkakh OON [Main directions of regulating sports activities in the UN]. – Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA). 2020. No. 12. P. 68-82. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.068-082

30. Zakharova M. V. Uchenie o yuridicheskikh kartakh mira [The doctrine of legal maps of the world]. Moscow: Aspekt Press Publ. 2022. 264 p. (In Russ.)