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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2021-1-70-80</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-396</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ГУМАНИТАРНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблема кибершпионажа в международном гуманитарном праве</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Problem of Cyber Espionage in the International Humanitarian Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1253-3157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаркуша-Божко</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garkusha-Bozhko</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Юльевич Гаркуша-Божко, юрисконсульт</p><p>197110, Российская Федерация, Санкт-Петербург, наб. Гребного канала, д. 10, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei Yu. Garkusha-Bozhko, Legal Counsel</p><p>10-1, Naberezhnaya Grebnogo kanala, Saint-Petersburg,Russian Federation, 197110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">garkusha-bozhko.sergej@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Школа высшего спортивного мастерства по водным видам спорта имени Ю.С. Тюкалова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>School of Higher Sportsmanship in Water Sports named after Yu. S. Tyukalov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>70</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гаркуша-Божко С.Ю., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаркуша-Божко С.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garkusha-Bozhko S.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/396">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/396</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Статья посвящена анализу проблемы кибершпионажа в контексте вооруженного конфликта в киберпространстве. Актуальность данного исследования, как части проблемы применения норм международного гуманитарного права в киберпространстве, подтверждается стремительным развитием информационных технологий, которые могут быть использованы в ходе вооруженного конфликта, а также наличием Таллинского руководства 2.0 по международному праву, применимому к кибероперациям.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Главными источниками настоящего исследования являются положения Таллинского руководства 2.0 по международному праву, применимому к кибероперациям, нормы Дополнительного протокола I от 08 июня 1977 г. к Женевским конвенциям от 12 августа 1949 г., нормы Гаагского «Положения о законах и обычаях сухопутной войны» 1907 г. и нормы обычного международного гуманитарного права. Методологию составили принципы, применяемые в юридических исследованиях, а также общенаучные и специальные методы правовых исследований (системный и формально-юридический методы).</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Изучены положения Таллинского руководства о кибершпионаже на предмет соответствия нормам Дополнительного протокола I от 08 июня 1977 г. к Женевским конвенциям от 12 августа 1949 г., Гаагского «Положения о законах и обычаях сухопутной войны» 1907 г. и нормам обычного международного гуманитарного права. Также изучены проблемы, которые могут возникнуть в процессе возможного практического применения указанных положений Таллинского руководства.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Отмечено, что положения Таллинского руководства 2.0 по международному праву, применимому к кибероперациям и кибершпионажу, основаны на соответствующих нормах международного права. По сути, соответствующее положение Таллинского руководства полностью скопировано с соответствующих норм МГП. Однако в результате настоящего исследования автор приходит к выводу, что такое слепое копирование не учитывает особенностей киберпространства и создает проблемы при возможном практическом применении данных положений Таллинского руководства. Во-первых, в силу анонимности пользователей на практике будет трудно провести разграничение между киберразведчиком и кибершпионом. Вовторых, в силу сложностей в установлении четких государственных границ в киберпространстве (установлении границ государственного суверенитета), в том числе, обусловленных использованием технологий блокчейн и VPN, на практике невозможно достоверно установить, осуществлялся ли тайный сбор информации на территории противника, что, в свою очередь, влечет сложности в квалификации такого деяния в качестве кибершпионажа. И, наконец, в современных условиях шпионаж перестал быть явлением исключительно международных вооруженных конфликтов, и поэтому есть вероятность, что и кибершпионаж может осуществляться не только в контексте вооруженного конфликта международного характера, но и в контексте вооруженного конфликта немеждународного характера. По результатам настоящего исследования были высказаны предложение о развитии практики государств по данному вопросу. Обсуждение вышеуказанных проблем на Генеральной Ассамблее ООН помогло бы выделить основные тренды развития такой практики. И только после того, как практика государств по данному вопросу станет более очевидной, можно ставить вопрос о разработке соответствующего международного договора, желательно на площадке ООН.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The article analyses the problem of cyber espionage in the context of armed conflict in cyberspace. The relevance of this research, as part of the problem of international humanitarian law applying in cyberspace, is confirmed by the rapid development of cyber technologies that can be used during armed conflict, as well as the availability of the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The main sources of this research are the provisions of the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, the rules of Additional Protocol I of June 08, 1977 to the Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949, the rules of the Hague Regulations on the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907, and the rules of custom- ary international humanitarian law. The methodology consists of the principles used in legal research, as well as general scientific and special methods of legal research (system and formal legal methods).</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The provisions of the Tallinn Manual on cyber espionage were examined for compliance with the relevant provisions of Additional Protocol I of June 08, 1977 to the Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949, the Hague Regulations on the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907, and the rules of customary international humanitarian law, as well as the problems that may arise in the process of possible practical application of this provision of the Tallinn Manual.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. It is noted that the provisions of the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on cyber espionage are based on the relevant rules of international law. In fact, the relevant provision of the Tallinn Manual is completely copied from the relevant rules of IHL. However, based on the results of this research, the author comes to the conclusion that such blind copying does not take into account the specifics of cyberspace and leads to the following problems in the possible practical application of this provision of the Tallinn Manual: firstly, due to the anonymity of users, it will be difficult to distinguish between a cyber intelligence officer and a cyber spy in practice. Secondly, due to the difficulties in establishing clear state borders in cyberspace, including due to the use of blockchain and VPN technologies, in practice it is impossible to reliably establish whether secret information was collected on the territory of the enemy, which, in turn, leads to difficulties in qualifying such an act as cyber espionage. Finally, in the context of modern armed conflicts, espionage has ceased to be a phenomenon exclusively of international armed conflicts, and therefore it is likely that cyber espionage can be carried out not only in the context of an international armed conflict, but also in the context of a non-international armed conflict. Based on the results of this research, suggestions were made to develop state practice on this issue. It is desirable that States raise the discussion of the above issues at the UN General Assembly, which would help to identify the main trends in the development of such practices. Only And only after the practice of States on this issue becomes more obvious, the question of developing an appropriate international treaty, preferably within the UN, can be raised.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кибершпионаж</kwd><kwd>эксплуатация компьютерных сетей</kwd><kwd>киберразведка</kwd><kwd>международное гуманитарное право</kwd><kwd>вооруженный конфликт</kwd><kwd>Таллинское руководство</kwd><kwd>шпионаж</kwd><kwd>разведка</kwd><kwd>кибершпион</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyber espionage</kwd><kwd>Сomputer Network Exploitation</kwd><kwd>Cyber Reconnaissance</kwd><kwd>international humanitarian law</kwd><kwd>armed conflict</kwd><kwd>Tallinn Manual</kwd><kwd>espionage</kwd><kwd>intelligence</kwd><kwd>cyber spy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давид Э. 2011. 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