mgimolawМосковский журнал международного праваMoscow Journal of International Law0869-00492619-0893Moscow State Institute of International Relations10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-81-94mgimolaw-381Research ArticleМЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ГУМАНИТАРНОЕ ПРАВОINTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWМеждународно-правовое регулирование деятельности частных военных и охранных компанийPrivate military and security companies in international lawhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8513-8719СкуратоваА. Ю.SkuratovaA. Yu.

Александра Юрьевна Скуратова, к.ю.н., доцент кафедры международного права

119454, Москва, проспект Вернадского, д.76

Alexandra Yu. Skuratova, Cand Sci. (Law), Associate Professor at the Department ofInternational Law

76, Prospect Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454

interlawmgimo@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-5044КорольковаЕ. Е.KorolkovaE. E.

Елена Евгеньевна Королькова,к.ю.н., помощник прокурора района

460000, Оренбург, ул. Кобозева, д.51

Elena E. Korolkova, Assistance to the Public Prosecutor, Cand Sci. (Law)

51, Ul. Kobozeva, Orenburg, Russian Federation,460000

korolkovaintlaw@gmail.comМосковский государственный институт международных отношений (МГИМО-Университет) МИД РоссииРоссияMoscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University) MFA RussiaRussian FederationПрокуратура Оренбургской областиРоссияProsecutor's office of the Orenburg regionRussian Federation202031122020048194Copyright © Скуратова А.Ю., Королькова Е.Е., 20202020Скуратова А.Ю., Королькова Е.Е.Skuratova A.Y., Korolkova E.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/381ВВЕДЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В статье анализируются источники международного права, акты национального права России, некоторых иностранных государств, регулирующие деятельность частных военных и охранных компаний (ЧВОК) в вооруженных конфликтах. Показаны результаты работы специальных докладчиков и рабочих групп ООН по исследованию деятельности ЧВОК, их влияние на соблюдение прав человека. Проанализирован статус сотрудников ЧВОК с точки зрения норм международного гуманитарного права. Рассмотрены позиции делегаций государств-членов при обсуждении проекта конвенции 2010 г. о регулировании деятельности ЧВОК, предложены рекомендации для разработки соответствующего механизма международно-правового регулирования. Изучена практика применения государствами Документа Монтрё о соответствующих международно-правовых обязательствах и передовых практических методах государств, касающихся функционирования частных военных и охранных компаний в период вооруженного конфликта (Документ Монтрё) и Международного кодекса поставщиков охранных услуг.

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В статье проведен анализ основных источников международного права, материалы работы Комиссии международного права ООН, специальных докладчиков и рабочих групп по этому вопросу, практика государств. Изучены доктринальные труды зарубежных и российских специалистов в области международного права. Методологическую основу исследования составили общенаучные (анализ, синтез, системный подход) и частноправовые методы познания (формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой).

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. На основе проведенного исследования аргументируется необходимость принятия международного договора, регулирующего деятельность ЧВОК, что позволит создать механизмы для контроля и привлечения к юридической ответственности ЧВОК и их сотрудников.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. The article analyses the sources of international law, national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as that of certain foreign States regulating the operation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflict. The article highlights the out-comes of the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and Working Groups to study the activity of PMSCs and the impact it had on the observance of human rights. The authors further analyze the status of PMSC personnel under international humanitarian law. The article also looks at the positions expressed by the delegations of Member States during the discussion of the 2010 Draft Convention on Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) and provides recommendations for developing an appropriate international regulatory framework. The authors also examined State practice of the implementation of the The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for Statesт Related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict related to the operation of private military and security companies during armed conflict.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article contains an analysis of the main sources of international law, the documents drafted by the United Nations International Law Commission, special rapporteurs and working groups on the matter, and State practice. It also addresses Russian and foreign legal scholarship. From a methodological perspective, this study relied on the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systemic approach) and private legal methods of knowledge (formal-legal, comparative legal studies).

RESEARCH RESULTS

RESEARCH RESULTS. Based on the study, it is argued that an international treaty should be adopted to regulate the activities of PMSCs, which would establish mechanisms to monitor and hold PMSCs and their employees legally accountable.

частные военные и охранные компаниивооруженный конфликтмеждународное гуманитарное правоДокумент Монтрёкомбатантыгражданские лицанепосредственное участие в военных действияхprivate military and security companiesarmed conflictinternational humanitarian lawMontreux Documentcombatantsciviliansdirect participation in hostilitiesReferencesBakker C., Sossai M. Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: The Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2012. 664 p.Bakker C., Sossai M. Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: The Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2012. 664 p.Bures O., Caо 2017. P. 229–243.Bures O., Caо 2017. P. 229–243.Cockayne J. Private military and security companies. – The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (Ed. by Claphm A., Gaeta P.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. 1008 p.Cockayne J. Private military and security companies. – The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (Ed. by Claphm A., Gaeta P.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. 1008 p.Crawford E., Pert A. International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2015. 301 p.Crawford E., Pert A. International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2015. 301 p.Daza F. Delimitation and Presence of PMSCs: Impact on Human Rights. – Public International Law and Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies (Ed. by Torroja H.) Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. 2017. 158 p.Daza F. Delimitation and Presence of PMSCs: Impact on Human Rights. – Public International Law and Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies (Ed. by Torroja H.) Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. 2017. 158 p.De Nevers R. Private military and security companies. – Do the Geneva Conventions Matter? (Ed. by Evangelista M., Tannenwald N.) Oxford University Press. 2017. P. 281- 302.De Nevers R. Private military and security companies. – Do the Geneva Conventions Matter? (Ed. by Evangelista M., Tannenwald N.) Oxford University Press. 2017. P. 281- 302.Gasser M., Malzacher M. Beyond Banning Mercenaries: The Use of Private Military and Security Companies Under IHL. – International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors: Debates, Law and Practice (Ed. by Heffes E. et al.) The Hague: Asser Press. 2020. 158 p.Gasser M., Malzacher M. Beyond Banning Mercenaries: The Use of Private Military and Security Companies Under IHL. – International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors: Debates, Law and Practice (Ed. by Heffes E. et al.) The Hague: Asser Press. 2020. 158 p.Gómez del Prado J.L. The Ineffectiveness of the Current Definition of a “Mercenary” in International Humanitarian and Criminal Law. – Public International Law and Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies (Ed. by Torroja H.) Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. 2017. 158 p.Gómez del Prado J.L. The Ineffectiveness of the Current Definition of a “Mercenary” in International Humanitarian and Criminal Law. – Public International Law and Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies (Ed. by Torroja H.) Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. 2017. 158 p.Kotlyarov I.I. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoe regulirovanie vooruzhennykh konfliktov: osnovnye teoreticheskie problemy i praktika : monografiya. [International Legal Regulation of Armed Conflicts: Main Issues of Theory and Practice: Monograph]. M.: YUrlitinform Publ. 2013. 502 p. (in Russ.)Kotlyarov I.I. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoe regulirovanie vooruzhennykh konfliktov: osnovnye teoreticheskie problemy i praktika : monografiya. [International Legal Regulation of Armed Conflicts: Main Issues of Theory and Practice: Monograph]. M.: YUrlitinform Publ. 2013. 502 p. (in Russ.)Lehnardt C. Private military contractors. – The Practice of Shared Responsibility in International Law (Ed. by Nollkaemper A., Plakokefalos I.)Cambridge University Press. 2017. P. 761-780.Lehnardt C. Private military contractors. – The Practice of Shared Responsibility in International Law (Ed. by Nollkaemper A., Plakokefalos I.)Cambridge University Press. 2017. P. 761-780.Manoilo A.V., Zaytsev A.Ya. Mezhdunarodno-Pravovoi Status Chastnykh Voennykh Kompanii [International Legal Status of Private Military Companies]. – Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 90. No. 1. 2020. P. 46-54. (in Russ.)Manoilo A.V., Zaytsev A.Ya. Mezhdunarodno-Pravovoi Status Chastnykh Voennykh Kompanii [International Legal Status of Private Military Companies]. – Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 90. No. 1. 2020. P. 46-54. (in Russ.)Mathieu F., Rearden N. Corporate Mercenaries: The threat of private military and security companies. – Review of African Political Economy. Vol. 34. No. 114. 2007. P. 744-755.Mathieu F., Rearden N. Corporate Mercenaries: The threat of private military and security companies. – Review of African Political Economy. Vol. 34. No. 114. 2007. P. 744-755.Nebolsina M. Private Military and Security Companies. – Russia in Global Affairs. No. 17. 2019.P. 76-106.Nebolsina M. Private Military and Security Companies. – Russia in Global Affairs. No. 17. 2019.P. 76-106.Rusinova V.N. Klassifikatsiya lits v nemezhdunarodnykh vooruzhennykh konfliktakh: v poiskakh sbalansirovannogo podkhoda. – Gosudarstvo i pravo. No. 3. 2012. P. 61–69. (in Russ.)Rusinova V.N. Klassifikatsiya lits v nemezhdunarodnykh vooruzhennykh konfliktakh: v poiskakh sbalansirovannogo podkhoda. – Gosudarstvo i pravo. No. 3. 2012. P. 61–69. (in Russ.)Sassòli M. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 2019. 720 p.Sassòli M. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 2019. 720 p.Seiberth C. Private Military and Security Companies in International Law. Cambridge: Intersetia. 2014. xlvi + 296 p.Seiberth C. Private Military and Security Companies in International Law. Cambridge: Intersetia. 2014. xlvi + 296 p.Skuratova A.Yu., Korol'kova E.E. Smertonosnye avtonomnye sistemy vooruzhenii: problemy mezhdunarodno-pravovogo regulirovaniya [Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems: Problems of International Legal Regulation]. – Rossijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. No. 1 (124). 2019. P. 22-30. (in Russ.Skuratova A.Yu., Korol'kova E.E. Smertonosnye avtonomnye sistemy vooruzhenii: problemy mezhdunarodno-pravovogo regulirovaniya [Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems: Problems of International Legal Regulation]. – Rossijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. No. 1 (124). 2019. P. 22-30. (in Russ.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.