mgimolawМосковский журнал международного праваMoscow Journal of International Law0869-00492619-0893Moscow State Institute of International Relations10.24833/0869-0049-2019-3-93-113mgimolaw-322Research ArticleМЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВОINTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAWВоздействие прав интеллектуальной собственности на международную передачу биотехнологийInfluence of Intellectual Property Rights on International Technology Transferhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-3961ШугуровМ. В.ShugurovM. V.

Марк Владимирович Шугуров, доктор философских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры международного права

410056, Российская Федерация, Саратов, ул. Вольская, д. 1

Mark V. Shugurov, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of International Law

1, ul. Volskaya, Saratov, Russian Federation, 410056

shugurovs@mail.ruСаратовская государственная юридическая академияРоссияSaratov State Law AcademyRussian Federation2019301020190393113Copyright © Шугуров М.В., 20192019Шугуров М.В.Shugurov M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/322ВВЕДЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Статья посвящена обсуждению ключевых вопросов значительного воздействия прав интеллектуальной собственности, особенно патентов, на передачу биотехнологий в рамках режима Конвенции ООН о биоразнообразии 1992 г. (КБР) и доступа к экологически устойчивым биотехнологиям. Цель исследования заключается в анализе взаимоотношений между обязательствами государств в сфере охраны прав интеллектуальной собственности и обязательствами, которые относятся к сохранению и устойчивому использованию биоразнообразия на основе содействия передаче и диффузии биотехнологий. Помимо этого автор стремится наметить комплекс значимых мер, нацеленных на ослабление сдерживающих функций прав интеллектуальной собственности в отношении передачи биотехнологий в развивающиеся страны в интересах устойчивого развития и достижения его целей.

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В ходе подготовки исследования использовались труды исследователей и экспертов в области международного экологического и международного экономического права, материалы и документы совещаний Конференции Сторон Конвенции о биоразнообразии, документы ВТО, а также резолюции Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН и доклады Генерального секретаря. Исследование основано на базе общенаучных методов познания (системный и структурный подходы, анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция), а также специальных методов, используемых в юридической науке (сравнительно-правовой, историко-правовой и формально-догматический методы).

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. На основе проведенного анализа автор пришел к следующим исследовательским результатам. Международно-правовое регулирование передачи биотехнологий согласно положениям КБР – составная часть международно-правового регулирования оборота биотехнологий в интересах устойчивого развития и достижения его целей. Передача проприетарных биотехнологий – элемент режима доступа к генетическим ресурсам, современным технологиям и традиционным знаниям и распределения выгод от их совместного использования. Решение задачи эффективной имплементации положений ст. 16 КБР о содействии передаче проприетарных биотехнологий в развивающиеся страны – самостоятельный предмет сотрудничества Сторон КБР. Определенные успехи в реализации положений ст. 16 КБР стали возможны благодаря конвергенции режима биоразнообразия в рамках КБР и режима защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в рамках режима Соглашения ТРИПС.

ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ

ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Автор определил, что в настоящее время стимулирующее воздействие прав интеллектуальной собственности на передачу биотехнологий в контексте их гармонизации с целями КБР требует, особенно в связи с распространением стандартов ТРИПС-плюс, развития сотрудничества государств по совершенствованию имеющихся и апробированию новым форм передачи технологий, таких как патентные пулы. К числу важных выводов исследования относится положение о необходимости дальнейшего совершенствования режима ABS в направлении установления гибкого баланса между правообладателями и пользователями технологий на основе установления доверия. Последнее достигается, во-первых, в рамках Механизмов посредничества КБР и Нагойского Протокола, а во-вторых, благодаря последовательной реализации всего потенциала Соглашения ТРИПС.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. The present article is dedicated to considering the key matters of dramatic impact of intellectual property rights, especially patents, on biotechnology transfer under regime of 1992 UN Convention on biodiversity (CBD) and on access to environmentally sound biotechnologies. The research purpose is to examine the interface between states’ international-legal obligations in the area of intellectual property protection and the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in terms of promoting technology transfer and diffusion. Besides that, the author strives to outline the complex of relevant measures aimed to reduce the restraining function of intellectual property rights with regard to biotechnology transfer to developing countries in the interests of sustainable development and achieving its goals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the course of preparation of this study, writings of researches and experts in the area of international environmental law and international economic law were used. At that, author has used materials and documents of meetings of CBD Conference of Parties, documents of the WTO, as well as resolutions of the GA UN and reports of the Secretary General. This study is premised on using the general methods of cognition (systemic and structural approaches, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction) and methods of legal research (comparative, historical and formallydogmatic methods).

RESEARCH RESULTS

RESEARCH RESULTS. Base on conducted analysis, the author has come to following research findings. International-legal regulation of biotechnology transfer under CBD is an integral part of regulation of biotechnology circulation in the interests of sustainable development and achieving its goals. Transfer of biotechnology is the element of regime of access and benefit sharing (ABS). The solution of the problem of effective implementation of art. 16 of the CBD on aiding technology transfer to developing countries is separate subject matter of conventional cooperation. Some success in realization of provisions of the art. 16 is due to convergence between the CBD regime of biodiversity and the regime of intellectual property rights protection under the TRIPS Agreement.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author ascertains that, at present, the stimulating impact of intellectual property rights on technology transfer in the context of harmonizing thereof with objectives of the CBD demands, especially in the connection of spreading TRIPS-plus standards, development of cooperation of states on improving available and testing new forms of technology transfer, such as patent pools. This study substantiates the conclusion that there is need to improving ABS-regime in directions of setting up the flexible balance between rights holders and technology users on basis of increasing the confidence. The latter is achieved, at first, within the framework of Clean-housing mechanisms of the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, and, at second, due to consecutive implementation of potential of the TRIPS Agreement.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.