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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2026-2-43-58</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2980</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМ ПРАВЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Атаки на подводную инфраструктуру: международно-правовые аспекты и проблема ответственности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Attacks on Underwater Infrastructure: International Legal Aspects and the Problem of Responsibility</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-5817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сазонова</surname><given-names>К. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sazonova</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кира Львовна САЗОНОВА - доктор юридических наук, доцент Института права и национальной безопасности</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, 82, Москва, 119571</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kira L. SAZONOVA - Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Institute of Law and National Security</p><p>82, Vernadskogo Ave., bld. 1, Moscow, 119571</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kira_sazonova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-7739</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бекяшев</surname><given-names>Д. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bekyashev</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дамир Камильевич БЕКЯШЕВ - доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой международного права</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Damir K. BEKYASHEV - Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of International Law</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dambek@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сазонова К.Л., Бекяшев Д.К., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сазонова К.Л., Бекяшев Д.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sazonova K.L., Bekyashev D.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2980">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2980</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Подводная инфраструктура, которая представлена подводными кабелями и трубопроводами, играет критически важную роль в мировой экономике. Подводные кабели обеспечивают бесперебойную передачу информации между странами и континентами, а трубопроводы обеспечивают поставки энергоресурсов. Контролировать подводную инфраструктуру довольно сложно из-за того, что значительная ее часть находится под водой на большой глубине. Кроме того, подводная инфраструктура проходит как по акватории, входящей в состав государственной территории, так и по территориям, которые характеризуются смешанным и международным режимом. Помимо непредумышленного воздействия в результате естественных факторов, в последние годы подводная инфраструктура подвергается целенаправленным атакам Террористические акты, обрывы, пропажи части кабелей регулярно происходят в последнее время, что актуализирует вопрос о том, как именно должно проводиться расследование произошедшего, и возможно ли привлечь виновную сторону к международной ответственности.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Настоящее исследование основывалось на комплексном анализе как академической литературы, в которой рассматриваются различные политические, правовые и технические аспекты, связанные с подводной инфраструктурой, так и международно-правовых документов, которые регламентируют вопросы прокладки и технического обслуживания подводных кабелей и трубопроводов. Методологическую базу исследования составляют общетеоретические методы, а конкретнее, формально-логический метод, дедукция и индукция, анализ и синтез.</p><p>Помимо всех вышеперечисленных, при работе над статьей также задействовались такие частнонаучные методы, как исторический и сравнительно-правовой.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В статье анализируются основные этапы развития международно-правового сотрудничества по защите критической подводной инфраструктуры, а также ключевые международно-правовые аспекты, возникающие в процессе ее прокладки и обслуживания. В том числе рассмотрена проблема организации расследований повреждений подводных кабелей и трубопроводов, а также приводится международно-правовая классификация преступлений, совершаемых на объектах подводной инфраструктуры. Также в работе рассмотрены конкретные прецеденты повреждения подводной инфраструктуры в последние годы, произведен анализ правовых и политических последствий совершенных атак, оценены как сами меры реагирования, так и их эффективность.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Констатировано, что подводную арену уже можно считать отдельной сферой межгосударственного противостояния. Интенсификация намеренного воздействия на подводные кабели и трубопроводы в последние несколько лет актуализирует вопрос о новых вызовах, возникающих в связи с терактами на подводных объектах. Международно-правовое регулирование подводной инфраструктуры в большей степени соответствует реалиям XX века, но не XXI, в котором цифровая коммуникация имеет критически важное значение для любого государства. С учетом лакун, существующих в международном праве, вероятность того, что государства будут прибегать к осуществлению подводных диверсий в рамках современного «гибридного» противостояния, можно оценить как весьма высокую.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Underwater infrastructure, which is represented by underwater cables and pipelines, plays a critical role in the global economy. Underwater cables ensure stable transmission of information between countries and continents, and pipelines ensure energy supplies. It is quite diﬃcult to control underwater infrastructure due to the fact that a signiﬁcant part of it is located underwater at great depths. In addition, underwater infrastructure passes through underwater territory that is a part of the state territory and also through territories that are characterized by mixed and international legal regimes. In addition to unintentional damage as a result of natural factors, in recent years, underwater infrastructure has been subject to some targeted attacks. Sabotage, cable breaks and loss of cables have been regularly occurring, which raises the question of how exactly an investigation of such incidents should be carried out, and whether it is possible to bring the guilty party to international responsibility.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study was based on a comprehensive analysis of both academic literature examining various political, legal, and technical aspects related to underwater infrastructure, and international legal documents regulating the installation and maintenance of underwater cables and pipelines. The research methodology is based on general theoretical methods, speciﬁcally, formal logic, deduction and induction, analysis, and synthesis. In addition to all of the above, speciﬁc scientiﬁc methods such as historical and comparative legal approaches were also employed in preparing the article.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The article analyzes the main stages of the development of international legal cooperation in protection of critical underwater infrastructure, as well as key legal aspects arising from the process of its installation and maintenance. In particular, the article covers the problem of organizing investigations aﬅer damage of underwater cables and pipelines and provides the classiﬁcation of underwater crimes from the point of international law. The work also examines speciﬁc cases of damage to underwater infrastructure in recent years, analyzes the legal and political consequences of the committed attacks, and evaluates the response measures and their eﬀectiveness.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. The underwater arena can already be considered a distinct sphere of interstate confrontation. The intensiﬁcation of deliberate attacks on underwater cables and pipelines in recent years has raised the issue of new challenges arising from terrorist attacks on underwater facilities. International legal regulation of underwater infrastructure is more in line with the realities of the 20th century than the 21st, in which digital communications are critically important for any state. Given the existing gaps in international law, the likelihood that states will resort to underwater sabotage as part of a modern "hybrid" confrontation can be assessed as quite high.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подводные кабели</kwd><kwd>подводные трубопроводы</kwd><kwd>подводная инфраструктура</kwd><kwd>международное преступление</kwd><kwd>международная ответственность</kwd><kwd>теракт</kwd><kwd>расследование</kwd><kwd>территориальное море</kwd><kwd>исключительная экономическая зона</kwd><kwd>континентальный шельф</kwd><kwd>открытое море</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>underwater cables</kwd><kwd>underwater pipelines</kwd><kwd>underwater infrastructure</kwd><kwd>international crime</kwd><kwd>international responsibility</kwd><kwd>terrorist attack</kwd><kwd>investigation</kwd><kwd>territorial sea</kwd><kwd>exclusive economic zone</kwd><kwd>continental shelf</kwd><kwd>high seas</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А.Н., Москва У. 2015. 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