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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2026-1-110-123</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2953</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О новых подходах к применению субсидий для достижения технологического суверенитета</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On New Approaches to Using Subsidies to Achieve Technological Sovereignty</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0476-2235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глазатов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glazatov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Владимирович ГЛАЗАТОВ, аспирант кафедры международного права</p><p>Миклухо-Маклая ул., 6, Москва, 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. GLAZATOV, Postgraduate Student of the Department of International Law</p><p>6, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mglazatov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Глазатов М.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Глазатов М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Glazatov M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2953">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2953</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Современные международные торговые отношения характеризуются состоянием глубокой структурной трансформации, происходящей на фоне нарастающей макроэкономической нестабильности и геополитических вызовов. В этом контексте особую значимость приобретает институт субсидирования, рассматриваемый как комплексное правовое явление, очерчивающее инструмент государственного регулирования, применяемый в широких социально-экономических целях, в том числе и для решения задач достижения технологического суверенитета. Универсальность субсидии ставит вопрос о правовом формате, соединяющем, по сути, несколько отраслей права, поскольку субсидии остаются как активным инструментом торговой политики и промышленной поддержки, так и действенным способом секторального и технологического развития, и,  соответственно, могут применяться комбинированно. Такой взгляд на субсидии предполагает акцент на конкретных постоянных результатах, а не на получении единовременного преимущества.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Соответственно, в анализ вовлечены материалы научной и  экспертной юридической литературы, касающиеся вопросов национальной безопасности и  технологического суверенитета, а также формирования комплексных правовых образований, к которым, как представляется, относятся и субсидии. Гипотезы статьи основываются на анализе различных подходов к  концептуализации технологического суверенитета и роли субсидирования как инструмента государственной поддержки, позволяющего асимметрично демпфировать возрастающее давление искусственного интеллекта (далее ‒ ИИ) в экономических взаимосвязях.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Исследование показало, что международные торговые правила, выработанные в рамках системы Всемирной торговой организации (далее ‒ ВТО), рассматривают субсидии с позиции механизма их предоставления, получателя и распределителя поддержки. Однако целевому назначению субсидий уделяется значительно меньше внимания. Субсидии рассматриваются только с позиции получения преимущества. Именно поэтому назрела необходимость скорректировать модели субсидирования. Принципиально важным становится обеспечение рационального субсидирования, направленного на эффективное использование государственных ресурсов, создающих условия для развития современных технологичных производств и отвечающих национальным целям развития экономики.</p></sec><sec><title>ОСНОВНЫЕ ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОСНОВНЫЕ ВЫВОДЫ. Цели и задачи, формируемые документами стратегического планирования, эффективно могут быть решены только при правильном использовании инструментов регулирования. Уже сейчас нужно учитывать динамичность и взаимосвязь различных правовых норм и институтов. Это позволит более пластично и эффективно отражать в вопросах регулирования динамику социальной, политической и экономической реальности. Для достижения целей технологического суверенитета в процессе регулирования должны появляться наиболее гибкие нормы, проводящие смежное регулирование для достижения наибольшего полезного управленческого воздействия.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. In the context of the profound transformation of international trade relations, there is a particular emphasis on the legal assessment of subsidies in both academic discourse and legal practice. As a tool of state economic policy, subsidies can have a significant impact on competition and market access, which makes their use subject to assessment in accordance with the international trade rules. The article considers subsidies as a complex legal phenomenon. On the one hand, they are a tool of state regulation used for various purposes, including achieving technological sovereignty. On the other hand, their universality raises the question of their appropriate legal form, as they continue to be an instrument of trade policy, industrial support, and technological development. Therefore, the article discusses cases from academic and expert legal literature related to issues of national security, technological sovereignty, and complex legal structures that may include subsidies, according to the author's opinion.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The hypotheses of the article are based on the author's analysis of 26 different concepts of subsidies, which are used at international, regional, and national levels. Data from international institutions' reports have also been analyzed. Some institutions have their own definitions of subsidies to, for example, count them and prepare statistics on state support measures. While preparing the article, the author used a structural-semantic approach, incorporating elements of multi-criteria evaluation. This approach combines semantic decomposition, comparative law and mathematical analysis. The research has shown that each regulatory body gives its own meaning to the definition. However, it is a challenging task to identify this meaning, but it can be done through a combined methodological approach. The hypotheses of the article are based on the analysis of various approaches to the conceptualization of technological sovereignty and the role of subsidies as an instrument of state support that allows for asymmetrically damping the increasing pressure of AI in economic relationships.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The study showed that international trade rules developed within the WTO system consider subsidies from the position of the mechanism for their provision, recipient and distributor of support. However, much less attention is paid to the intended purpose of subsidies. Subsidies are considered only from the position of obtaining an advantage. That is why there is a need to adjust subsidy models. It is becoming fundamentally important to ensure rational subsidies aimed at the effective use of public resources, creating conditions for the development of modern technological production and meeting national goals for economic development.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The integrated use of subsidies, which is aimed not at achieving price advantages but at multitasking and achieving technological independence, can be seen as a new and innovative approach to using state funds. In this regard, regulation should be more flexible, and its rules should no longer be limited to specific sectors. Instead, they should be targeted at achieving the greatest beneficial management impact. Therefore, as the author suggests, the legal constructs describing the instruments of regulation can be seen as a flexible, rather than a rigid system, especially in the current technological era. It is important to consider the dynamism and interconnection of various legal norms and institutions. This will allow us to more effectively reflect the dynamics of social, political, and economic reality in regulatory matters.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>субсидии</kwd><kwd>проникающее субсидирование</kwd><kwd>технологический суверенитет</kwd><kwd>комплексные правовые образования</kwd><kwd>государственное регулирование</kwd><kwd>торговые правила</kwd><kwd>инновационная политика</kwd><kwd>промышленная политика</kwd><kwd>право ВТО</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>subsidies</kwd><kwd>penetrating subsidies</kwd><kwd>technological sovereignty</kwd><kwd>complex legal formations</kwd><kwd>government regulation</kwd><kwd>trade rules</kwd><kwd>innovation policy</kwd><kwd>industrial policy</kwd><kwd>WTO law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьев А.А. 2022. 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