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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2026-1-80-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2951</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пределы односторонних экономических санкций в международном праве</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Limits of Unilateral Economic Sanctions in International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6026-1750</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чувахин</surname><given-names>П. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuvakhin</surname><given-names>P. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петр Игоревич ЧУВАХИН, кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры правового регулирования ТЭК</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Peter I. CHUVAKHIN, PhD in Law, Associate Professor of the Department ofь Legal Regulation of Fuel and Energy Complex</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chuvakhin.petr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чувахин П.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чувахин П.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chuvakhin P.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2951">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2951</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Односторонние экономические санкции представляют собой одну из наиболее спорных практик современного международного права. Исследование направлено на комплексный правовой анализ соответствия односторонних экономических ограничительных мер основополагающим принципам международного права и выявление механизмов их системного нарушения. </p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Исследование основано на анализе решений Международного суда Организации Объединенных Наций (далее ‒ ООН), документов Комиссии международного права (далее – КМП), резолюций международных организаций, национального законодательства санкционирующих государств и современной доктрины международного права. Применялись формально-юридический и сравнительно-правовой методы, системный подход и историко-правовой анализ государственной практики. Особое внимание уделено анализу санкционных режимов Соединенных Штатов Америки (далее – США), Европейского союза (далее – ЕС) против России, Ирана, Кубы и других государств. </p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Установлено, что современные односторонние санкции качественно отличаются от традиционных механизмов межгосударственного принуждения (реторсий и контрмер) и не могут быть оправданы через существующие институты правомерной самопомощи. Большинство односторонних санкций не соответствуют критериям правомерных контрмер: они применяются не потерпевшими государствами, вводятся без предварительного нарушения двусторонних обязательств, не соблюдают принцип пропорциональности и часто направлены на смену политических режимов. Выявлены три основных механизма нарушения международного права: создание де-факто иерархии государств вопреки принципу суверенного равенства; систематическое вмешательство во внутреннюю компетенцию государств через экономическое принуждение; превышение пределов правомерного суверенитета через нарушение договорных обязательств и общих принципов права. </p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Исследование показывает, что односторонние санкции трансформируют международное право из системы равных правил в инструмент поддержания политической иерархии. Экстерриториальные и вторичные санкции создают двойное нарушение суверенитета, принуждая как государства-объекты, так и третьи страны. Нарушение принципов добросовестности, пропорциональности и доктрины «чистых рук» демонстрирует превращение суверенитета в механизм одностороннего политического принуждения. Решения международных судов (дело о предполагаемых нарушениях Договора о дружбе, экономических отношениях и консульских правах 1955 г., дело России во Всемирной торговой организации (далее – ВТО) подтверждают противоправность многих санкционных мер. Односторонние экономические санкции представляют собой системный вызов современному международному правопорядку, создавая «параллельную» систему права, где экономически мощные государства присваивают себе функции законодателя, судьи и исполнителя. Требуется разработка международно-правовых механизмов ограничения произвольного применения экономического принуждения и процедурных гарантий для государств-объектов принудительных мер.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. This study examines the legal compatibility of unilateral economic sanctions with fundamental principles of international law. The research addresses growing concerns about the systematic violation of state sovereignty and non-intervention principles through economic coercion mechanisms employed by economically powerful states.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The analysis encompasses decisions of the International Court of Justice, International Law Commission documents, UN resolutions, national legislation of sanctioning states, and contemporary international legal doctrine. The methodology includes formal legal analysis, comparative law approach, and systematic examination of state practice, with particular focus on US and EU sanctions against Russia, Iran, Cuba, and other states.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The research demonstrates that contemporary unilateral sanctions fundamentally differ from traditional inter-state coercion mechanisms (retorsions and countermeasures) and cannot be justified through existing lawful self-help institutions. Most unilateral sanctions fail to meet the criteria for lawful countermeasures: they are imposed by non-injured states, introduced without prior bilateral obligation violations, violate proportionality requirements, and often aim at regime change. Three primary mechanisms of international law violation are identified: creation of de facto state hierarchy contrary to sovereign equality principle, systematic interference in domestic jurisdiction through economic coercion, and exceeding limits of lawful sovereignty through treaty obligation breaches and violations of general law principles.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The study reveals that unilateral sanctions transform international law from an equal rules system into a political hierarchy maintenance tool. Extraterritorial and secondary sanctions create dual sovereignty violations, coercing both target states and third countries. Violations of good faith, proportionality, and clean hands doctrine demonstrate sovereignty's transformation into a political dominance mechanism. International court decisions (Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights case, Russia WTO case) confirm the unlawfulness of numerous sanctions measures. Unilateral economic sanctions represent a systematic challenge to contemporary international legal order, creating a "parallel" legal system where economically powerful states assume legislative, judicial, and enforcement functions. Development of international legal mechanisms for restricting arbitrary economic coercion and procedural guarantees for target states is urgently required.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>односторонние санкции</kwd><kwd>суверенитет государств</kwd><kwd>принцип невмешательства</kwd><kwd>экономическое принуждение</kwd><kwd>контрмеры</kwd><kwd>экстерриториальные санкции</kwd><kwd>принцип пропорциональности</kwd><kwd>добросовестность</kwd><kwd>международный правопорядок</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>unilateral sanctions</kwd><kwd>state sovereignty</kwd><kwd>non-intervention principle</kwd><kwd>economic coercion</kwd><kwd>countermeasures</kwd><kwd>extraterritorial sanctions</kwd><kwd>proportionality principle</kwd><kwd>good faith</kwd><kwd>international legal order</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрова Д.Е. 2023. 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