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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2026-1-66-79</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2950</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Международно-правовое регулирование экспортных пошлин: опыт Китайской Народной Республики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Regulation of Export Duties: The Experience of the People Republic of China</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2303-9637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепенко</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepenko</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Роман Алексеевич ШЕПЕНКО, доктор юридических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры административного и финансового права международно-правового факультета</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman A. SHEPENKO, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Administrative and Financial Law</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">r.shepenko@inno.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шепенко Р.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шепенко Р.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shepenko R.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2950">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2950</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Внутренние налоги на экспорт устанавливаются государствами при осуществлении своих суверенных прав. При присоединении к международному договору налоговый суверенитет может быть ограничен. На протяжении истории Китайской Народной Республики (далее – КНР, Китай) такое произошло дважды. Если первый раз это был результат опиумных войн, то второй раз ‒ присоединения к Всемирной торговой организации (далее ‒ ВТО), и ограничение остается в силе и сегодня. В настоящей статье рассмотрены вопросы международного-правового регулирования экспортных пошлин в Китае, включая практику в рамках системы урегулирования споров ВТО.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Исходными материалами при подготовке настоящей статьи выбраны публикации по истории установления таможенных тарифов Китая, положения международных договоров, национального законодательства и доклады третейских групп и Апелляционного органа ВТО. При проведении исследования использовались сравнительно-правовой и формально-логический методы.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. На протяжении многовековой истории в Китае взимаются различные виды таможенных пошлин. Действие национального законодательства КНР о налогах на экспорт ограничено в пространстве. Оно не применяется в особых административных районах Сянган и Аомэнь, равно как и в Китайской Республике (Тайване). После образования КНР не заключались двусторонние международные договоры, ограничивающие использование налогов на экспорт. Генеральное соглашение по тарифам и торговле (далее ‒ ГАТТ) не запрещает обложение экспортными пошлинами, но при присоединении к ВТО государства могут принять обязательства ограничить их применение. Эти обязательства закрепляются в протоколе о присоединении, который является неотъемлемой частью Соглашения об учреждении ВТО.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. При рассмотрении двух групп дел о применении налога на экспорт, третейские группы ВТО пришли к выводу, что Китай не вправе ссылаться на защиту жизни или здоровья людей, а также на сохранение исчерпаемых природных ресурсов, основываясь на нормах ст. XX ГАТТ. На тот момент еще не вступил в силу Закон КНР «О международных отношениях», положения которого запрещают исполнение международных договоров, наносящих ущерб национальному суверенитету, безопасности и общественным интересам. Теоретически, в будущем КНР может использовать соответствующую норму национального законодательства для неисполнения в том числе так называемых обязательств ВТО-плюс. Однако это будет расценено как нарушение обязательств по Соглашению об учреждении ВТО.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Internal taxes to exports are imposed by countries in the exercise of their sovereign rights. Upon accession to a treaty, tax sovereignty may be limited. This has happened twice in China's history. If the first time was the result of the Opium wars, then the second time was the WTO accession and the restriction remains in force today. In the given article the issues of international regulation of export duties in China, including practices within the WTO dispute settlement system, are discusses.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study is based on data from publications on the history of China's customs tariffs, provisions of treaties, national legislation, and reports of panels and the WTO Appellate Body. Comparative legal and formal logical methods were used in the research.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. Throughout China's history, various types of customs duties have been imposed. The customs legislation of the People's Republic of China is limited in area. It does not apply in the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, as well as in the Republic of China (Taiwan). After the proclamation of the PRC, there have been no bilateral international agreements limiting the use of internal taxes to exports. GATT does not prohibit the application of export duties, but upon accession to the WTO, countries may commit to limit their use. These obligations are provided in the accession protocol, which is an integral part of the WTO Agreement.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In several cases, the WTO panels found that China may not seek to justify the application of export duties by reference to the protection of human life or health, as well as the conservation of exhaustible natural resources, pursuant to art. XX GATT. At that time, the PRC's Law on International Relations had not yet entered into force, the provisions of which prohibit the execution of treaties that cause damage national sovereignty, security and public interests. Theoretically, in the future, the PRC may use the relevant provision of national legislation not to fulfill, among other things, the so-called WTO-plus obligations. However, this will amount to a violation of obligations under the WTO Agreement.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>протокол о присоединении</kwd><kwd>обязательства ВТО-плюс</kwd><kwd>ГАТТ</kwd><kwd>КНР</kwd><kwd>таможенный тариф</kwd><kwd>экспортная пошлина</kwd><kwd>сырьевые материалы</kwd><kwd>редкоземельные элементы</kwd><kwd>система урегулирования споров ВТО</kwd><kwd>налоговый суверенитет</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>protocol of accession</kwd><kwd>WTO-plus obligations</kwd><kwd>GATT</kwd><kwd>PRC</kwd><kwd>customs tariff</kwd><kwd>export duty</kwd><kwd>raw materials</kwd><kwd>rare earths</kwd><kwd>dispute settlement system of the WTO</kwd><kwd>tax sovereignty</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев В.А. 2000. Финансовое право. Золотые страницы финансового права России. В 4-х т. Т. 2. 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