<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2026-1-52-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2949</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экстерриториальное применение как проблема концепции прав человека</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extraterritorial Application as a Problem of the Human Rights Concept</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6053-9540</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лучкин</surname><given-names>Ф. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Luchkin</surname><given-names>Ph. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Филипп Вадимович ЛУЧКИН, аспирант департамента международного права</p><p>Мясницкая ул., д. 20, Москва, 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Philipp V. LUCHKIN, Postgraduate Student at the School of International Law</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fvluchkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лучкин Ф.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лучкин Ф.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Luchkin P.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2949">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2949</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Если юридическая значимость прав человека зависит от принадлежности к  «членам человеческой семьи», то объем применения прав человека ratione loci составляет логическое противоречие. Либо не должно существовать территориальных ограничений применения прав человека, либо положения Всеобщей декларации прав человека несостоятельны. Это противоречие затрагивает основание прав человека, а потому, являясь противоречием, в будущем может послужить драйвером переосмысления идеи прав человека в диалектическом ключе. Настоящая статья предлагает поразмыслить, как это могло бы произойти и к чему это могло бы привести.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В настоящей работе проводится попытка диалектическим способом предположить дальнейшее развитие прав человека. Основываясь на исследованиях практики Европейского суда по правам человека (далее ‒ ЕСПЧ) по экстерриториальному применению Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод, приводится описание двух основных подходов (территориального и персонального); на основе анализа подходов, предлагается формулировка двух утверждений, создающих внутреннее противоречие концепции объема применения прав человека ratione loci. Контраст, создаваемый особенностями механизмов защиты прав человека ЕСПЧ, а  также акценты, возникающие при анализе разрабатываемого функционального подхода, позволили определить, какое изменение может разрешить сформулированное противоречие. Аналогия с римским правом, в свою очередь, позволила спроецировать возможные проблемы реализации таких изменений.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Дилемма универсальности прав человека и ограниченности их экстерриториального применения может быть разрешена посредством концепции натуральных обязательств, если разорвать логически необходимую связь права и его способа защиты, поставив их под разные условия существования. Аналогия с римским правом позволяет прийти к выводу, что подобное разрешение дилеммы опасно как для обязанных, так и для управомоченных лиц, что делает такое развитие маловероятным. Однако если сформулированное противоречие является верным, то этот путь может оказаться единственно возможным.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Поставив права человека и способ защиты под разные условия, проблема экстерриториального применения разрешается ценой создания (или усугубления) других проблем. Концепция прав человека выйдет далеко за пределы юридически значимого; если строго следовать аналогии римского права, значительная часть современного права прав человека рискует оказаться за пределами юриспруденции; однако отличие римского права от современного международного права, заключающегося в отсутствии одного общего «государства», может стать важным мотивом к адаптации идеи натуральных обязательств. Тем не менее эта идея может создать четкий акцент международного права прав человека на защите прав, отведя внимание от задачи их провозглашения; возможно, это позволит уменьшить количество формально-юридических аргументов в  пользу нарушения прав человека в рамках политического общения на международной арене.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. If the legal recognition of human rights depends on belonging to “all members of the human family”, then the existence of the scope of application of human rights ratione loci is logically contradictory. Either there should be no territorial restrictions on the application of human rights, or the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are false. This contradiction affects the basic feature of human rights, and therefore, being a contradiction, in the future it may serve as a driver for transforming the concept in a dialectic vein. This article suggests imagining how this could happen and what it could entail.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this paper, an attempt is made to consider the further development of human rights in a dialectical way. Based on the existing studies of the European Court’s of Human Rights (hereafter ‒ ECtHR) practice on the extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ‒ ECHR), two main approaches (territorial and personal) are described. Analysing the approaches, two statements are formulated that create an internal contradiction to a concept of the scope of application of human rights ratione loci. The contrast created by the peculiarities of the ECHR's human rights protection mechanisms, as well as the accents that were stressed by the developing functional approach, allowed us to determine which change could resolve the formulated contradiction. The analogy with Roman law, in turn, allowed for projecting possible problems of implementing such changes.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The dilemma of the universality of human rights and the limitations of their extraterritorial application can be resolved through the concept of natural obligations if one breaks the logically necessary link between rights and remedies, putting them under different grounds of existence. The analogy with Roman law allowed us to conclude that such a solution to the dilemma is dangerous for both obliged and entitled persons, which makes such a development unlikely. However, if the formulation of the contradiction is correct, then this path may be the only possible one.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. By placing human rights and remedies on different grounds, the problem of extraterritorial application is resolved at the cost of triggering (or exacerbating) others. The concept of human rights would go far beyond the legally relevant issues, trespassing into the domain of ethics; if one strictly follows the analogy of Roman law, a significant part of modern human rights law risks being outside the borders of jurisprudence. However, the difference between Roman law and modern international law, which consists in the absence of one common "state", may become an important incentive for adapting the idea of natural obligations. Nevertheless, this idea may make it possible to create a clear focus of international human rights law on the remedies on the international plane, diverting attention from proclaiming them; perhaps this will reduce the number of formal legal arguments in favour of human rights violations in the framework of political communication on the international arena.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>юрисдикция</kwd><kwd>натуральные обязанности</kwd><kwd>универсализм</kwd><kwd>способы защиты</kwd><kwd>консеквенционализм</kwd><kwd>деонтология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>jurisdiction</kwd><kwd>natural obligations</kwd><kwd>universalism</kwd><kwd>remedy</kwd><kwd>consequentialism</kwd><kwd>deontology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexander L., Moore, M. Deontological Ethics. – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2024. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2024/entries/ethicsdeontological/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexander L., Moore, M. Deontological Ethics. – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2024. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2024/entries/ethicsdeontological/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besson S. The Extraterritoriality of the European Convention on Human Rights: Why Human Rights Depend on Jurisdiction and What Jurisdiction Amounts to. – Leiden Journal of International Law. 2012. № 4 (25), P.857– 884. URL: https://hal.science/hal-02516268v1 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besson S. The Extraterritoriality of the European Convention on Human Rights: Why Human Rights Depend on Jurisdiction and What Jurisdiction Amounts to. – Leiden Journal of International Law. 2012. № 4 (25), P.857– 884. URL: https://hal.science/hal-02516268v1 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhuta N. The Frontiers of Extraterritoriality – Human Rights Law as Global Law. – The frontiers of human rights: extraterritoriality and its challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016.P. 1-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhuta N. The Frontiers of Extraterritoriality – Human Rights Law as Global Law. – The frontiers of human rights: extraterritoriality and its challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016.P. 1-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Binderup L. G. Universalism and (Cultural) Relativism. – Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2022. P. 507–515. URL: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903621.universalism.cultural.relativism (accessed date: 30.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Binderup L. G. Universalism and (Cultural) Relativism. – Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2022. P. 507–515. URL: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903621.universalism.cultural.relativism (accessed date: 30.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleveland S.H. Embedded international law and the constitution abroad. – Columbia Law Review. 2010. № 2 (110). P. 225-287. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27806619 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleveland S.H. Embedded international law and the constitution abroad. – Columbia Law Review. 2010. № 2 (110). P. 225-287. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27806619 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donnelly J. Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights. – Human Rights Quarterly. 1984. № 4 (6). P. 400-419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donnelly J. Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights. – Human Rights Quarterly. 1984. № 4 (6). P. 400-419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donnelly J. The Relative Universality of Human Rights. – Human Rights Quarterly. 2007. № 2 (29). P. 281-306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donnelly J. The Relative Universality of Human Rights. – Human Rights Quarterly. 2007. № 2 (29). P. 281-306.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elistratov A.I. Osnovnye nachala administrativnogo prava [Basic Principles of Administrative Law]. Moscow: Publ. G.A. Lemana and и S.I. Sakharova. 1914. 294 p. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/18163 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elistratov A.I. Osnovnye nachala administrativnogo prava [Basic Principles of Administrative Law]. Moscow: Publ. G.A. Lemana and и S.I. Sakharova. 1914. 294 p. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/18163 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elistratov A.I. Ocherk administrativnogo prava [An outline of administrative law]. Moscow: State Publ. 1922. 236 p. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/41340 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elistratov A.I. Ocherk administrativnogo prava [An outline of administrative law]. Moscow: State Publ. 1922. 236 p. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/41340 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engle E.A. Tort Law and Human Rights. – Comparative tort law: Global Perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2015. P. 70-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engle E.A. Tort Law and Human Rights. – Comparative tort law: Global Perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2015. P. 70-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foot Ph. The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect. – Oxford Review. 1967. № 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foot Ph. The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect. – Oxford Review. 1967. № 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gabrelyan E.V. Suverenitet gosudarstva i prava cheloveka: problemy sovmestimosti [State sovereignty and human rights: compatibility issues]. – Aktual'nye problemy teorii gosudarstva: ucheb. posobie [Current Problems of State Theory: A Textbook]. Moscow: Prospekt. 2014. P. 46-57. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabrelyan E.V. Suverenitet gosudarstva i prava cheloveka: problemy sovmestimosti [State sovereignty and human rights: compatibility issues]. – Aktual'nye problemy teorii gosudarstva: ucheb. posobie [Current Problems of State Theory: A Textbook]. Moscow: Prospekt. 2014. P. 46-57. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golevinskij V.I. O proiskhozhdenii i delenii obyazatel’stv [On the origin and division of obligations]. Warsaw: Printing house of Osip Berger. 1872. 302 p. URL: https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003584837?page=1&amp;rotate=0&amp;theme=black (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golevinskij V.I. O proiskhozhdenii i delenii obyazatel’stv [On the origin and division of obligations]. Warsaw: Printing house of Osip Berger. 1872. 302 p. URL: https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003584837?page=1&amp;rotate=0&amp;theme=black (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson L. The Problem of Induction. – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2024. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2024/entries/inductionproblem/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henderson L. The Problem of Induction. – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2024. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2024/entries/inductionproblem/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henkin L. International human rights as “rights”. – Nomos. 1981. Vol. 23. P. 257-280. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24219097 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henkin L. International human rights as “rights”. – Nomos. 1981. Vol. 23. P. 257-280. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24219097 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janig Ph. Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights. – Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2022. P. 180-191. URL: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903621.extraterritorial.application.human.rights (accessed date: 30.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janig Ph. Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights. – Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2022. P. 180-191. URL: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903621.extraterritorial.application.human.rights (accessed date: 30.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khvostov V.M. Natural'nye obyazatel'stva po rimskomu pravu [Natural obligations under Roman law]. Moscow: University Publ. 1898. 516 p. URL: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/view/01003686198?redirect=http://dlib.rsl.ru/rsl01003000000/rsl01003686000/rsl01003686198/rsl01003686198.pdf (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khvostov V.M. Natural'nye obyazatel'stva po rimskomu pravu [Natural obligations under Roman law]. Moscow: University Publ. 1898. 516 p. URL: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/view/01003686198?redirect=http://dlib.rsl.ru/rsl01003000000/rsl01003686000/rsl01003686198/rsl01003686198.pdf (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunz R. Judging International Judgments Anew? The Human Rights Courts before Domestic Courts. – The European Journal of International Law. 2019. № 4 (30). P. 1129-1163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunz R. Judging International Judgments Anew? The Human Rights Courts before Domestic Courts. – The European Journal of International Law. 2019. № 4 (30). P. 1129-1163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kissinger H. World Order. New York: Penguin Press. 420 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kissinger H. World Order. New York: Penguin Press. 420 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milanovic M. Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy. London, England: Oxford University Press. 2011. 276 p.;</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milanovic M. Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy. London, England: Oxford University Press. 2011. 276 p.;</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreno-Lax V. Meta-Borders and the Rule of Law: From Externalisation to ‘Responsibilisation’ in Systems of Contactless Control. – Netherlands International Law Review. 2024. № 1 (71). P. 21-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreno-Lax V. Meta-Borders and the Rule of Law: From Externalisation to ‘Responsibilisation’ in Systems of Contactless Control. – Netherlands International Law Review. 2024. № 1 (71). P. 21-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreno-Lax V. 2020. The Architecture of Functional Jurisdiction: Unpacking Contactless Control – On Public Powers, S.S. and Others v. Italy, and the ‘Operational Model.’ – German Law Journal. № 3 (21). P. 385–416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreno-Lax V. 2020. The Architecture of Functional Jurisdiction: Unpacking Contactless Control – On Public Powers, S.S. and Others v. Italy, and the ‘Operational Model.’ – German Law Journal. № 3 (21). P. 385–416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oberleitner G. The extra-territorial application of human rights: functional universality. – Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Law, Practice, Policy. Cambridge University Press. 2015. P. 144-168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oberleitner G. The extra-territorial application of human rights: functional universality. – Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Law, Practice, Policy. Cambridge University Press. 2015. P. 144-168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ollino A. The ‘capacity-impact’ model of jurisdiction and its implications for States’ positive human rights obligations. – Questions of International Law. Zoom-in 82. 2021. P. 81-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ollino A. The ‘capacity-impact’ model of jurisdiction and its implications for States’ positive human rights obligations. – Questions of International Law. Zoom-in 82. 2021. P. 81-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pokrovskij I.A. Osnovnye problemy grazhdanskogo prava [The main problems of private law]. Petrograd: Publishing of the Legal Book Warehouse “Law”. 1917. 328 p. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/18164 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pokrovskij I.A. Osnovnye problemy grazhdanskogo prava [The main problems of private law]. Petrograd: Publishing of the Legal Book Warehouse “Law”. 1917. 328 p. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/18164 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pribytkova E. What global human rights obligations do we have? – Chicago Journal of International Law. 2020. № 2 (20) P. 384-449. URL: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol20/iss2/15/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pribytkova E. What global human rights obligations do we have? – Chicago Journal of International Law. 2020. № 2 (20) P. 384-449. URL: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol20/iss2/15/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raible L. Extraterritoriality between a Rock and a Hard Place. – Questions of International Law. Zoom-in 82. 2021. P. 7-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raible L. Extraterritoriality between a Rock and a Hard Place. – Questions of International Law. Zoom-in 82. 2021. P. 7-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raible L. The Extraterritoriality of the ECHR: Why Jaloud and Pisari Should be Read as Game Changers. – European Human Rights Law Review. 2016. Issue 2. P. 161-168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raible L. The Extraterritoriality of the ECHR: Why Jaloud and Pisari Should be Read as Game Changers. – European Human Rights Law Review. 2016. Issue 2. P. 161-168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rusinova V. Pravovye aspekty primeneniya Konvencii o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnyh svobod: do i posle “Bankovicha” [Legal Aspects of Application of the Convention on Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: before and after “Bancović”]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2010. № 1. P. 31-46. URL: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2010-1-31-46 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusinova V. Pravovye aspekty primeneniya Konvencii o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnyh svobod: do i posle “Bankovicha” [Legal Aspects of Application of the Convention on Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: before and after “Bancović”]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2010. № 1. P. 31-46. URL: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2010-1-31-46 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rusinova V. “Yurisdiktsiya” i “vmenenie” v resheniyakh ESPCH, svyazannykh s primeneniem Konventsii na territorii nepriznannykh gosudarstv: vzboltat', no ne smeshivat'? [“Jurisdiction” and “imputation” in the ECtHR Decisions on the application of the Convention on the territory of unrecognized States: shake, but do not stir?]. – Mezhdunarodnoye pravosudie. 2016. № 1. P. 59–69. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusinova V. “Yurisdiktsiya” i “vmenenie” v resheniyakh ESPCH, svyazannykh s primeneniem Konventsii na territorii nepriznannykh gosudarstv: vzboltat', no ne smeshivat'? [“Jurisdiction” and “imputation” in the ECtHR Decisions on the application of the Convention on the territory of unrecognized States: shake, but do not stir?]. – Mezhdunarodnoye pravosudie. 2016. № 1. P. 59–69. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savigny F.C. Law of obligation. – Russ. ed.: Savigny F.C. Obyazatel'stvennoe pravo. Saint Petersburg: Publ. “Yuridicheskij centr Press”. 2004. 576 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savigny F.C. Law of obligation. – Russ. ed.: Savigny F.C. Obyazatel'stvennoe pravo. Saint Petersburg: Publ. “Yuridicheskij centr Press”. 2004. 576 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmalenbach K. Article 2. – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2018. P. 29-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmalenbach K. Article 2. – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2018. P. 29-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shany Y. Taking Universality Seriously: A Functional Approach to Extraterritoriality in International Human Rights Law. – The Law &amp; Ethics of Human Rights. 2013. № 1 (7). P. 47-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shany Y. Taking Universality Seriously: A Functional Approach to Extraterritoriality in International Human Rights Law. – The Law &amp; Ethics of Human Rights. 2013. № 1 (7). P. 47-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaw M.N. International Law. 9th ed. Cambridge University Press. 2021. 1213 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaw M.N. International Law. 9th ed. Cambridge University Press. 2021. 1213 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinnott-Armstrong W. Consequentialism. – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2023. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/consequentialism/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinnott-Armstrong W. Consequentialism. – The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2023. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/consequentialism/ (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomson J.J. The Trolley Problem. – Yale Journal. 1985. Vol. 94. P. 1395-1415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomson J.J. The Trolley Problem. – Yale Journal. 1985. Vol. 94. P. 1395-1415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unger P. A defense of skepticism. – The Philosophical Review. 1971. № 2 (80). P. 198-219. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2184030 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unger P. A defense of skepticism. – The Philosophical Review. 1971. № 2 (80). P. 198-219. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2184030 (accessed date: 11.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandenhole W. 2019. The ‘J’ Word: Driver or Spoiler of Change in Human Rights Law? – The Oxford Handbook of Jurisdiction in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 413-430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandenhole W. 2019. The ‘J’ Word: Driver or Spoiler of Change in Human Rights Law? – The Oxford Handbook of Jurisdiction in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 413-430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vindsheid B. Ob obyazatel'stvah po rimskomu pravu [On obligations under Roman law]. Saint Petersburg: Printing house of A. Dumashevsky. 1875. 593 p URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/16012 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vindsheid B. Ob obyazatel'stvah po rimskomu pravu [On obligations under Roman law]. Saint Petersburg: Printing house of A. Dumashevsky. 1875. 593 p URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/16012 (accessed date: 11.01.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von der Decken K. Article 29. – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2018. P. 521-537.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von der Decken K. Article 29. – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2018. P. 521-537.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilde R. Dilemmas in Promoting Global Economic Justice through Human Rights Law. – The frontiers of human rights: extraterritoriality and its challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. P.127-177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilde R. Dilemmas in Promoting Global Economic Justice through Human Rights Law. – The frontiers of human rights: extraterritoriality and its challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. P.127-177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilde R. The extraterritorial application of international human rights law on civil and political rights. – Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law. London, England: Routledge. 2013. P. 635-661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilde R. The extraterritorial application of international human rights law on civil and political rights. – Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law. London, England: Routledge. 2013. P. 635-661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
