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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-4-123-136</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2914</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ КОСМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPACE LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные правовые вызовы колонизации Марса: комплексный аналитический обзор регуляторных механизмов (2024–2025 годы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Contemporary Legal Challenges in Mars Colonization: a Comprehensive Analytical Review of Regulatory Frameworks (2024–2025)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-2209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бразовская</surname><given-names>Я. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Brazovskaya</surname><given-names>Ya. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яна Евгеньевна БРАЗОВСКАЯ, доцент кафедры международного и морского права</p><p>Двинская ул., 5/7, Санкт-Петербург, 198035</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana E. BRAZOVSKAYA, Associate Professor of the Department of International and Maritime Law</p><p>5/7, Dvinskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 198035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bye2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7607-9765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдыш</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdysh</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денис Максимович АВДЫШ, юрист</p><p>2-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 41/13 лит. А., помещ. 1-н, Санкт-Петербург, 199004</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis M. AVDYSH, Lawyer</p><p>2nd line Vasilyevsky Island, 41/13 lit. A., Room 1-N, St. Petersburg, 199004</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avdysh.denis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГУМРФ имени адмирала С.О. Макарова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «АГЕНТСТВО КОНСУЛЬТАНТ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>AGENCY CONSULTANT LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бразовская Я.Е., Авдыш Д.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бразовская Я.Е., Авдыш Д.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Brazovskaya Y.E., Avdysh D.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2914">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2914</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Исследование представляет собой комплексный аналитический обзор правовых вызовов колонизации Марса, исследуется эволюция и системные пробелы международного космического права. В работе рассмотрены существующие правовые механизмы – от Договора по космосу 1967 г. до новейших инициатив, включая Соглашения Артемиды и обновленную политику Комитета по космическим исследованиям (далее – COSPAR) 2024 г. Актуальность исследования обусловлена стремительным развитием космических технологий и возрастающим интересом к марсианским миссиям как со стороны государственных космических агентств, так и частных компаний. Целью исследования является выявление потенциальных проблем правового регулирования правоотношений, связанных с возможной колонизацией Марса. Для достижения цели авторы решают следующе основные задачи: исследовать источники международного космического права, потенциально применимые к марсианской колонии, выявить проблемы правового регулирования марсианской колонии и предложить механизмы их решения. Авторы подчеркивают, что создание устойчивой, т.е. способной к автономному функционированию и развитию, колонии на Марсе невозможно без формирования четкой и всеобъемлющей правовой базы, которая урегулирует все аспекты человеческого присутствия на планете: от вопросов юрисдикции над поселениями, их жителями и космическими объектами и использования ресурсов до планетарной защиты и разрешения потенциальных конфликтов.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Методология исследования базируется на комплексном применении формально-юридического и сравнительно-правового методов. Эмпирическую базу составили международно-правовые акты в области космического права, национальное законодательство в космической сфере, документы международных организаций, материалы арбитражной практики по космическим спорам.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Установлено, что ключевой принцип неприсвоения небесных тел (Договор по космосу 1967 г.) создает правовую коллизию с практической необходимостью территориального контроля для будущих поселений. Выявлены регуляторные пробелы, в частности, в использовании местных ресурсов (ISRU) в условиях соблюдения требований планетарной защиты и касающиеся правового статуса детей, рожденных на Марсе. Анализ показал, что односторонние акты (законы США и Люксембурга о добыче ресурсов) и новые многосторонние инициативы (Соглашения Артемиды) вступают в противоречие с универсальными нормами космического права. Правовые прецеденты, такие как инцидент со спутником «Космос-954», демонстрируют ограниченную применимость существующих механизмов ответственности к сложным марсианским миссиям.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Исследование демонстрирует, что правовое регулирование марсианской колонизации представляет собой беспрецедентный вызов для международного сообщества. Успешная реализация марсианской программы требует создания комплексной правовой базы, учитывающей как технические и научные аспекты освоения Марса, так и социально-экономические факторы международного сотрудничества. Ключевыми элементами этой базы должны стать: четкое определение юрисдикции над марсианскими поселениями, механизмы распределения ресурсов, система разрешения споров и протоколы защиты окружающей среды Марса. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. The study presents a comprehensive analytical review of legal challenges in Mars colonization, examining the evolution and systemic gaps in international space law. It analyzes existing legal mechanisms, from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty to the latest initiatives, including the Artemis Accords and the updated 2024 COSPAR policy. The relevance of this research is determined by the rapid development of space technologies and the growing interest in Martian missions from both state space agencies and private companies. The purpose of the research is to identify potential problems in the legal regulation of relations related to the possible colonization of Mars. To achieve this goal, the authors solve the following main tasks: to investigate the sources of international space law that are potentially applicable to a Martian colony, to identify the problems of legal regulation of a Martian colony, and to propose mechanisms for their solution. The authors emphasize that establishing a sustainable, meaning self-sufficient and capable of long-term development, colony on Mars is impossible without forming a clear and comprehensive legal framework that regulates all aspects of human presence on the planet – from issues of jurisdiction over settlements, their inhabitants, and space objects and resource utilization to planetary protection and resolution of potential conflicts.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive application of formal legal and comparative legal methods. The empirical basis of the study consists of international legal instruments in the field of space law, national legislation in the space sphere, documents of international organizations, and materials of arbitration practice on space disputes.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study establishes that the key principle of non-appropriation of celestial bodies (Outer Space Treaty of 1967) creates a legal conflict with the practical need for territorial control for future settlements. Regulatory gaps were identified concerning the use of in-situ resources (ISRU) while complying with planetary protection requirements and the legal status of children born on Mars. The analysis shows that unilateral acts (U.S. and Luxembourg laws on resource extraction) and new multilateral initiatives (the Artemis Accords) conflict with universal norms of space law. Legal precedents, such as the Kosmos-954 satellite incident, demonstrate the limited applicability of existing liability mechanisms to complex Martian missions.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The study shows that the legal regulation of Martian colonization presents an unprecedented challenge for the international community. Successful implementation of the Martian program requires the creation of a comprehensive legal framework that takes into account both the technical and scientific aspects of Mars exploration, as well as the socio-economic factors of international cooperation. The key elements of this framework should be: a clear definition of jurisdiction over Martian settlements, resource allocation mechanisms, a dispute resolution system, and Mars environmental protection protocols.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>космическое право</kwd><kwd>колонизация Марса</kwd><kwd>юрисдикция на Марсе</kwd><kwd>космические ресурсы</kwd><kwd>планетарная защита</kwd><kwd>частная космонавтика</kwd><kwd>межпланетные споры</kwd><kwd>марсианские поселения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>space law</kwd><kwd>Mars colonization</kwd><kwd>Mars jurisdiction</kwd><kwd>space resources</kwd><kwd>planetary protection</kwd><kwd>private spaceflight</kwd><kwd>interplanetary disputes</kwd><kwd>Martian settlements</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А.Н., Крохина П.А. 2024. 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