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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-4-84-95</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2911</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности международно-правового статуса непризнанных государств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of the International Legal Status of Unrecognized States</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0014-1643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зассеева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zasseva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Амага Сергеевна ЗАССЕЕВА, Аспирант кафедры международного права</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Amaga S. ZASSEEVA, Postgraduate Student of the Department of International Law</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">am.s.zasseeva@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>84</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зассеева А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зассеева А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zasseva A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2911">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2911</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Современная система международных отношений характеризуется наличием непризнанных государств – политико-территориальных образований, которые обладают признаками государственности, но не получили официального признания от международного сообщества. Существование и функционирование подобных политико-территориальных образований в официальных границах суверенных государств влечет за собой возникновение конфликта между принципом территориальной целостности и правом народов на самоопределение. Разрешение этого противоречия во многом восходит к двум противоположным теоретическим подходам к признанию государств: декларативному и конститутивному, – что не позволяет найти универсального решения проблемы международно-правового статуса непризнанных государств. В условиях подобной правовой неопределенности непризнанные государства вынуждены функционировать в рамках дуалистического международно-правового статуса, характеризующегося расхождением между формальными и фактическими возможностями. Цель настоящей статьи состоит в выявлении особенностей международно-правового статуса непризнанных государств и определении характера ограничений их правосубъектности в современной системе международных отношений.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. При проведении исследования был использован широкий круг международно-правовых актов, включая Устав ООН и Конвенцию Монтевидео о правах и обязанностях государств. Также привлекались материалы судебной практики национальных судов и международных арбитражей по вопросам применения права непризнанных государств. Дополнительно анализировались официальные документы и соглашения, регламентирующие фактическое взаимодействие непризнанных государств с суверенными государствами. Были использованы общенаучные методы (анализ, синтез, индукция, дедукция, системный метод) и специальные научные методы, включающие сравнительно-правовой метод, формально-юридический метод, метод анализа правоприменительной практики и структурно-функциональный анализ.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В статье осуществлено разграничение непризнанных государств от смежных категорий, включая частично признанные государства и государства, не признанные отдельными государствами. Проведен анализ формального и содержательного подходов к определению непризнанных государств, а также интегративных концепций, разработанных в современной доктрине международного права. Исследованы ключевые ограничения международно-правового статуса непризнанных государств, и выявлены механизмы их фактического участия в международных отношениях.ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЫВОДЫ. На основе проведенного анализа сформулирован вывод о дуалистическом характере международноправового статуса непризнанных государств, который проявляется в разделении на формально-юридический и фактический компоненты. Обосновано, что формально-юридически непризнанные государства соответствуют трем из четырех признаков государственности по Конвенции Монтевидео, однако лишены способности к официальному установлению отношений с суверенными государствами (четвертый признак). Установлено, что фактический международноправовой статус непризнанных государств формируется вследствие реализации собственного суверенитета государствами как участниками международных межгосударственных отношений, которые вступают в неофициальные политические и экономические взаимодействия с непризнанными государствами. Аналогичным образом в фактические взаимодействия с непризнанными государствами могут вступать и международные межправительственные организации, и интеграционные объединения, которые не являются суверенными образованиями. Сделан вывод о том, что международно-правовой статус непризнанных государств не носит универсального характера и формируется индивидуально в зависимости от позиций отдельных субъектов международных межгосударственных отношений, вступающих во взаимодействие с такими государствами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. The modern system of international relations is characterized by the presence of unrecognized states – political-territorial entities that possess features of statehood but have not received official recognition from the international community. The existence and functioning of such political-territorial entities within the official borders of sovereign states entails the emergence of a conflict between the principle of territorial integrity and the right of peoples to self-determination. The resolution of this contradiction largely stems from two opposing theoretical approaches to state recognition: declarative and constitutive – which does not allow for finding a universal solution to the problem of the international legal status of unrecognized states. Under conditions of such legal uncertainty, unrecognized states are forced to function within a dualistic international legal status, characterized by a divergence between formal and actual capabilities. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the international legal status of unrecognized states and to determine the nature of limitations on their legal personality in the modern system of international relations.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study utilized a wide range of international legal instruments, including the UN Charter and the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States. Materials from judicial practice of national courts and international arbitrations on the application of law of unrecognized states were also examined. Additionally, official documents and agreements regulating actual interaction between unrecognized states and sovereign states were analyzed. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systemic method) and special scientific methods were employed, including comparative legal method, formal legal method, method of legal practice analysis, and structural-functional analysis.RESEARCH RESULTS. The article establishes distinctions between unrecognized states and related categories, including partially recognized states and states not recognized by individual states. Analysis of formal and substantive approaches to defining unrecognized states, as well as integrative concepts developed in contemporary international law doctrine, was conducted. Key limitations of the international legal status of unrecognized states were examined and mechanisms of their actual participation in international relations were identified.DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. Based on the conducted analysis, a conclusion has been formulated about the dualistic nature of the international legal status of unrecognized states, which manifests itself in the division into formal-legal and factual components. It has been substantiated that formally and legally, unrecognized states correspond to three of the four criteria of statehood according to the Montevideo Convention, but lack the capacity for official establishment of relations with sovereign states (the fourth criterion). It has been established that the factual international legal status of unrecognized states is formed as a result of the implementation of sovereignty by other states as participants in international interstate relations, which enter into unofficial political and economic interactions with unrecognized states. Similarly, international intergovernmental organizations and integration associations, which are not sovereign entities, can also enter into actual interactions with unrecognized states. A conclusion has been drawn that the international legal status of unrecognized states is not universal in nature and is formed individually depending on the positions of individual subjects of international interstate relations that enter into interaction with such states.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>декларативный подход</kwd><kwd>конститутивный подход</kwd><kwd>непризнанные государства</kwd><kwd>частично признанные государства</kwd><kwd>Конвенция Монтевидео</kwd><kwd>интегративный подход</kwd><kwd>государства – члены ООН</kwd><kwd>формальный статус</kwd><kwd>фактический статус</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>declarative approach</kwd><kwd>constitutive approach</kwd><kwd>unrecognized states</kwd><kwd>partially recognized states</kwd><kwd>Montevideo Convention</kwd><kwd>integrative approach</kwd><kwd>UN member states</kwd><kwd>formal status</kwd><kwd>de facto status</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абирбек С.Т. 2021а. 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