<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-4-59-73</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2909</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ И НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политика Китайской Народной Республики в области санкций, контрмер и односторонних ограничительных мер</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>China Sanctions, Countermeasures and Unilateral Restrictive Measures Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3896-5364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веремеев</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veremeev</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Викторович ВЕРЕМЕЕВ, Юрисконсульт</p><p>18 этаж, Рыкадан Уан, Вонг Чук Ханг Роуд, 23, Гонконг, 999077</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay V. VEREMEEV, Legal Council</p><p>18/F, Rykadan One, 23 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Hong Kong, 999077</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nv_veremeyev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Meridian Capital (HK) Limited</institution><country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Meridian Capital (HK) Limited</institution><country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Веремеев Н.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Веремеев Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Veremeev N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2909">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2909</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В статье проводится анализ политики и практики Гонконга в области санкций, контрмер и односторонних ограничительных мер как производной от политики в этой сфере Китая, автономией которого Гонконг является. Хотя Гонконг как административно-территориальная единица Китайской Народной Республики (КНР) следует и должен следовать в фарватере общих принципов политики в указанной сфере Пекина – признание легитимными исключительно санкций Совета Безопасности (СБ) Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН), законность контрмер, принимаемых в ответ на делинквентные деяния других международных акторов и формальное и риторическое неприятие односторонних ограничительных мер, – Гонконг обладает определенной спецификой в этой сфере, обусловленной его особым статусом в конституционно-правовой системе Китая.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В исследовании использованы находящиеся в свободном доступе документы и материалы ООН, органов власти КНР, Законодательного собрания и органов исполнительной власти Гонконга, работы российских, гонконгских, китайских и западных специалистов в области санкций на трех языках (русском, английском и китайском), а также периодические издания, с целью понимания особенностей политики Гонконга в области санкций, контрмер и односторонних ограничительных мер. Автор настоящего исследования использует общенаучные и специальные методы познания.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Ведомый внешнеполитическим курсом своего суверена – Китая, Гонконг обязан исполнять санкции СБ ООН, признанные и выполняемые КНР. В то же самое время вводимые КНР односторонние ограничительные меры и контрмеры (как официальные, так и неформальные) зачастую не являются обязательными для исполнения Гонконгом. Односторонние ограничительные меры стран Запада формально также не имеют юридической силы в Гонконге. Однако, как ни парадоксально, гонконгский бизнес, прежде всего банковский и финансовый, фактически исполняет такие односторонние ограничительные меры (в том числе меры, нацеленные на Гонконг), из-за боязни стать жертвой вторичных ограничительных мер Запада. Это позволяет говорить о сложившейся в Гонконге своеобразной подсистеме регулирования в области санкций, контрмер и односторонних ограничительных мер, существующей, с одной стороны, в рамках системы основополагающих принципов Китая, а с другой стороны, обособленной от правил и норм КНР в этой сфере. Учитывая склонность деловых кругов Гонконга придерживаться западных, в том числе антироссийских, односторонних ограничительных мер, для российских предпринимателей автономия будет оставаться достаточно сложным местом для ведения бизнеса.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Исследование показало особенности политики Гонконга в области санкций, контрмер и односторонних ограничительных мер, позволяющие выделить ее в специальную подсистему политики КНР в указанной сфере. Автор работы пришел к следующим выводам. Во-первых, Гонконг обязан исполнять санкции СБ ООН на основании полученных от Министерства иностранных дел (МИД) КНР инструкций, но в соответствии с законодательством автономии. Во-вторых, Гонконг как несуверенная территория самостоятельно не принимает контрмеры и односторонние ограничительные меры против суверенных государств (принятие и применение таких мер входит в исключительную компетенцию центрального правительства КНР). В-третьих, принимаемые КНР законы против иностранных односторонних ограничительных мер и иные нормативные правовые акты не имеют юридической силы в Гонконге, если их действие Пекин не распространит на автономию в соответствии в предписанной Основным законом (миниконституцией) Гонконга процедурой. В-четвертых, вводимые Китаем контрмеры и односторонние ограничительные меры против третьих стран на основании его законов и ведомственных нормативных правовых актов, а также неофициальные запреты, не имеют обязательной силы в Гонконге, за исключением случаев запрета на въезд в автономию конкретных лиц, являющихся объектами указанных мер. В-пятых, многие гонконгские компании с устоявшимися торгово-экономическими связями с западными контрагентами, и прежде всего работающие на территории САР местные, китайские и иностранные банки и иные финансовые организации, фактически исполняют односторонние ограничительные меры (причем даже меры, направленные против Гонконга) стран Запада, а центральный банк Гонконга даже наставляет функционирующие в автономии банки и финансовые институты соблюдать такие односторонние ограничительные меры государств Запада.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. This article examines Hong Kong’s sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictions policy and practices existing within and determined by the China’s approach in this sphere. Although Hong Kong, as a special (autonomous) administrative region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), should strictly abide by the basic tenets of PRC’s policy – recognition of legitimacy of only United Nations Security Council’s (UNSC) sanctions, legality of countermeasures introduced in response to delinquent acts of international actors and formal and rhetorical rejection of unilateral restrictive measures, – the autonomy has certain distinct characteristics in this area which reflects a special status of Hong Kong in the constitutional and political system of the PRC.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The author used publicly available documents and materials of the United Nations, PRC’s government bodies, Hong Kong’s Legislative Council and executive bodies, academic sources of Russian, Hong Kong, Mainland Chinese and Western scholars and experts, as well as periodical publications, to examine how the sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictions regime of Hong Kong works and what distinguishes Hong Kong’s policy in this area from China’s. For the purposes of this study the author employed general methods of scholarly research and special methods of legal research.RESEARCH RESULTS. Led by the foreign policy imperatives of China, Hong Kong must adhere to UNSC sanctions recognized and implemented by the PRC. However, Hong Kong is not legally bound to comply with China’s countermeasure and unilateral restrictive measures (official or informal). Likewise unilateral restrictive measures imposed by Western states have no legal force in Hong Kong. Yet, paradoxical it may sound, Hong Kong business community (linked with the West by numerous long-standing business ties), foremost banking and financial sector, do in fact by and large adhere to such unilateral restrictive measures because of fear of being targeted by Western secondary restrictive measures. Thus, Hong Kong constitutes a subsystem of rules, regulations and practices on implementation of sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictive measures, on the one side, premised on the principles and rules of the PRC, and, on the other side, detached and distinguished from regulations and practices of China in this area. Considering Hong Kong business circles’ keenness to comply with Western unilateral restrictive measures, including anti-Russian restrictive measures, and go even further by halting all transactions and relations with any person having a nexus to jurisdictions heavily targeted by the Western unilateral restrictive measures, this autonomous region of China is and will continue to be quite a difficult place for Russian entrepreneurs to do business.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrated distinct features of the Hong Kong’s regime of sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictions which one may rightly classify as a special subsystem of China’s regime. The author came to the following conclusions. First, Hong Kong shall implement UNSC sanctions in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC but on the basis of autonomy’s own laws and regulations. Second, Hong Kong, as a non-sovereign entity, does not impose its own countermeasures or unilateral restrictive measures on sovereign states (institution of such measures falls squarely within the responsibility of the PRC central government). Third, anti-unilateral restrictive measures laws and regulations, enacted by the PRC, are not applied in Hong Kong unless they are added to Annex III to the Basic Law (mini-constitution) of Hong Kong. Fourth, countermeasures and unilateral restrictive measures instituted by China against third countries in compliance with her antiunilateral restrictive measures laws and regulations, as well as unofficial bans, have no legal force in the autonomy, except prohibitions on entry of persons, targeted by China, to Hong Kong. Fifth, a large number of Hong Kong companies (foremost local, Mainland Chinese and foreign banks and financial institutions) with long-standing trade and economic connections with Western counterparts routinely comply with Western, mostly the United States, unilateral restrictive measures (including unilateral restrictive measures against Hong Kong) and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (a de facto central bank of the autonomy) even makes it mandatory for the financial institutions, operating in the territory, to comply with Western unilateral restrictive measures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Гонконг</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>односторонние ограничительные меры</kwd><kwd>экстерриториальность</kwd><kwd>контрмеры</kwd><kwd>автономия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hong Kong</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>unilateral restrictive measures</kwd><kwd>extraterritoriality</kwd><kwd>countermeasures</kwd><kwd>autonomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакулина П.В., Кузьмина К.А. 2021. Политика экономических санкций КНР: правовое регулирование и правоприменительная практика. – Финансовый журнал. Т. 13. № 4. С. 24-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andresen J. The Lawfulness of Unilateral Sanctions in the Wake of a US – China “Sanctions War”. 2024. 30 p. URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12140-024-09429-9.pdf (accessed date: 16.02.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галиев Р.С. 2019. Международно-правовой анализ соотношения категорий санкции, контрмеры и односторонние экономические меры. – Вестник экономической безопасности. № 3. С. 239-243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakulina P.V., Kuzmina K.A. Politika ekonomicheskikh sanktsii KNR: pravovoe regulirovaniye i pravoprimenitel’naya praktika [China’s Policy of Economic Sanctions: Legislation and Enforcement]. – Finansovyj zhurnal [Financial Journal]. 2021. Vol. 13. № 4. P. 24-38. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова Е.М. 2016. Проблема санкций в международном праве: терминологический аспект. – Московский журнал международного права. № 2. С.181-187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beaucillon C. An introduction to unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions: definitions, state of practice and contemporary challenges. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2021. P. 1-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова Е.М. 2018. Проблема применения «односторонних санкций» в современном международном праве. – Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. № 5. С. 127-134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breen E. Corporations and US economic sanctions: the dangers of overcompliance. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2021. P. 256-269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карасев Д.Ю. 2025. Ответные ограничительные меры Китая в условиях санкционного противостояния. – Вестник Российскогоу ниверситета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. Т. 25. No. 3. С. 485-504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai C.Y. China's position and practice concerning unilateral sanctions. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2021. P. 70-89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касымалиева А.К. 2023. Концептуализация понятий в анализе. «санкционного» противостояния глобальных геополитических акторов. – Вестник КРСУ. Т. 23. № 11. С. 173-179.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuck A.V. Odnostoronnie prinuditelnye mery v doctrine sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava [Unilateral coercive measures in the doctrine of modern international law]. – Vestnik universiteta [University Bulletin]. 2022. № 7. С. 30-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятибратов И.С. 2020. Санкции и односторонние ограничительные меры: проблема различия терминов и тождественности явлений. – Гуманитарные науки. Вестник Финансового университета. № 6 (10). С. 61-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Zh., Wei Q.Sh. “Fan waiguo zhicai fa” shishi zhong de falu wenti yu wanshan [Legal Issues and Improvements in the Implementation of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law]. – Wuda guojifa pinglun [Wuhan University International Law Review]. 2023. Issue 5. P . 60-80. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чак A.В. 2022. Односторонние принудительные меры в доктрине современного международного права. – Вестник университета. № 7. С. 30-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen M. Dan bian jingji zhicai he fan zhicai de fall guizhi – jian ping “fan waiguo zhicai fa” [Legal Regulation of Unilateral Economic Sanctions and CounterSanctions: Comment on the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law]. – Jingmao falu pinglun [Economic and Trade Law Review]. 2022. Issue 4. P. 1-16 (In Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andresen J. 2024. The Lawfulness of Unilateral Sanctions in the Wake of a US – China “Sanctions War”. 30 p. URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12140-024-09429-9.pdf (дата обращения: 16.02.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galiev R.S. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi analiz sootnosheniya kategorii sanktsii, kontrmery I odnostoronniye ekonomicheskiye mery [International legal analysis of the ratio of categories of sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral economic measures]. – Vestnik Ekonomicheskoi Bezopasnosti [Bulletin of Economic Security]. 2019. № 3. P. 239-243. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beaucillon C. 2021. An introduction to unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions: definitions, state of practice and contemporary challenges. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 1-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrell P., Rosenberg E., Saravalle E. China's Use of Coercive Economic Measures. 2018. 58 p. URL: https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/Chi-na_Use.pdf (accessed date: 09.02.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breen E. 2021. Corporations and US economic sanctions: the dangers of overcompliance. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 256-269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova E.M. Problema sanktsii v mezhdunarodnom prave; terminologicheskii aspekt [The Problem of Sanctions in International Law: Aspect of Terminology]. – Moskovskii Zhurnal Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [Moscow Journal of International Law]. 2016. № 2. P. 181-187. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai C.Y. 2021. China's position and practice concerning unilateral sanctions. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 70-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova E.M. Problema primeneniya “odnostoronnikh sanktsii” v sovremennom mezhdunarodnom prave [Application problem of “unilateral sanctions” in modern international law]. – Rossiiskii vneshneekonomicheskii vestnik [Russian Foreign Economic Journal]. 2018. № 5. P. 127-134. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Zh., Wei Q.Sh. 2023. “Fan waiguo zhicai fa” shishi zhong de falu wenti yu wanshan [Legal Issues and Improvements in the Implementation of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law]. – Wuda guojifa pinglun [Wuhan University International Law Review]. Issue 5. P. 60-80. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karasev D.Yu. Otvetnye ogranichitelnye mery Kitaya v usloviyakh sanktsionnongo protivostoyaniya [China’s retaliatory measures in the context of the sanctions confrontation]. – Vestnik RUDN. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Vestnik RUDN. International Relations]. 2025. Vol. 25. № 3. P. 485-504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen M. 2022. Dan bian jingji zhicai he fan zhicai de fall guizhi – jian ping “fan waiguo zhicai fa” [Legal Regulation of Unilateral Economic Sanctions and CounterSanctions: Comment on the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law]. – Jingmao falu pinglun [Economic and Trade Law Review]. Issue 4. P. 1-16. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasymalievа А.К. Kontseptualizatsiya ponyatii v analize “sanktsionnogo” protivostoyaniya globalnykh geopoliticheskikh aktorov [Conceptualization of Concepts in the Analysis of “Sanction” Confusion of Global Geopolitical Actors]. – Vestnik KRSU [Herald of KRSU]. 2023. Vol. 23. № 11. С. 173-179. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrell P., Rosenberg E., Saravalle E. 2018. China's Use of Coercive Economic Measures. 58 p. URL: https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/China_Use.pdf (дата обращения: 09.02.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma G.A., Mao Q.Y. Dan bian zhicai yǔ zu duan lifa xia zhongguo qiye de he gui kunjing yu yingdui celue [Compliance Dilemma and Coping Strategies for Chinese Enterprises under Unilateral Sanctions and Blocking Legislation]. – Wuda guojifa pinglun [Wuhan University International Law Review]. 2023. Issue 2. P. 17-35. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma G.A., Mao Q.Y. 2023. Dan bian zhicai yǔ zu duan lifa xia zhongguo qiye de he gui kunjing yu yingdui celue [Compliance Dilemma and Coping Strategies for Chinese Enterprises under Unilateral Sanctions and Blocking Legislation]. – Wuda guojifa pinglun [Wuhan University International Law Review]. Issue 2. P. 17-35. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poh A. Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics: Rhetoric and Restraint in China’s Diplomacy. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 2020. 372 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poh A. 2020. Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics: Rhetoric and Restraint in China’s Diplomacy. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 372 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatibratov I.S. Sanktsii i odnostoronniye ogranichitel’nye mery: problema razlichiya i tozhdestvennosti yavleniya [Sanctions and unilateral restrictive measures: The problem of differences in terms and identity of phenomena]. – Gumanitarnye Nauki. Vestnik Finasovogo Universiteta [Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University]. 2020. № 6 (10). P. 61-65. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rennemo A. 2021. How China Joined the Sanctions Game. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/how-china-joined-the-sanctions-game/ (accessed date: 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rennemo A. How China Joined the Sanctions Game. 2021. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/how-china-joined-the-sanctions-game/ (accessed date: 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun J. 2021. International bank settlement in China and unilateral sanctions-related disputes: sources, remedies and procedures. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 323-341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun J. International bank settlement in China and unilateral sanctions-related disputes: sources, remedies and procedures. – Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2021. P. 323-341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walsh W. 2024. Cross-Border Crime in Hong Kong: Extradition, Mutual Assistance, Financial Sanctions. 3rd ed. Hong Kong: LexisNexis. 945 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walsh W. Cross-Border Crime in Hong Kong: Extradition, Mutual Assistance, Financial Sanctions. 3rd ed. Hong Kong: LexisNexis. 2024. 945 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing J.Y., Li M.J. 2023. Moving to Formality and Openness? An Analysis of China’s New Two-Tiered Sanctions Policy. – The China Review. Vol. 23. No. 1. P. 377–406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing J.Y., Li M.J. Moving to Formality and Openness? An Analysis of China’s New Two-Tiered Sanctions Policy. – The China Review. 2023. Vol. 23. No. 1. P. 377-406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiong Y.Y. 2025. Legality, Legitimacy and Institutionalization: China’s Dilemma of Sanctions and Economic Coercion. – Journal of Contemporary China. Vol. 34. Issue 152. P. 181-197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiong Y.Y. Legality, Legitimacy and Institutionalization: China’s Dilemma of Sanctions and Economic Coercion. – Journal of Contemporary China. 2025. Vol. 34. Issue 152. P. 181-197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu W.J. 2021. China’s Emerging Unilateral Sanctions: Heading towards the Rule of Law? – The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law. Vol. 9. No. 3. P. 359-386.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu W.J. China’s Emerging Unilateral Sanctions: Heading towards the Rule of Law? – The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law. 2021. Vol. 9. No. 3. P. 359-386.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang B.B. 2021. A Critical Evaluation of China’s New Blocking Statute against Unfair Extraterritoriality. – Hong Kong Law Journal. Vol. 51. Part 2. P. 775-800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang B.B. A Critical Evaluation of China’s New Blocking Statute against Unfair Extraterritoriality. – Hong Kong Law Journal. 2021. Vol. 51. Part 2. P. 775-800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao D.M. 2024. Contemporary Export Control Law of China. Singapore: Springer. 265 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao D.M. Contemporary Export Control Law of China. Singapore: Springer. 2024. 265 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zu W.T. 2024. Mei xifang jingji zhicai xiaoli kunjing xia de zhongguo shewai fazhi huiying [China's foreign rule of law response to the dilemma of the effectiveness of US and Western economic sanctions]. – Caijing faxue [Law and Economy]. Issue 1. P. 175-192. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zu W.T. Mei xifang jingji zhicai xiaoli kunjing xia de zhongguo shewai fazhi huiying [China's foreign rule of law response to the dilemma of the effectiveness of US and Western economic sanctions]. – Caijing faxue [Law and Economy]. 2024. Issue 1. P. 175-192. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
