<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-4-6-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2906</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные тенденции международно-правового регулирования вынужденной миграции: «экстернализация» международной защиты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Trends in International Legal Regulation of Forced Migration: “Externalization” of International Protection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-6072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Владимирович ИВАНОВ, Кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры международного права</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, 76, Москва,119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. IVANOV, Cand. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the International Law Department</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof.ivanovdv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов Д.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2906">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2906</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Проблемы, связанные с вынужденной миграцией, продолжают оставаться одними из приоритетных и чувствительных вопросов во многих государствах. В статье был проведен анализ различных инициатив отдельных государств, связанных с передачей вынужденных мигрантов в третьи страны и рассмотрением их ходатайств о предоставлении международной защиты за пределами своей территории на основе международных соглашений или политических договоренностей. Эта практика представляет собой одну из современных тенденций в международно-правовом регулировании вынужденной миграции. В научной доктрине и в отдельных актах, публикуемых Управлением Верховного комиссара Организации Объединенных Наций по делам беженцев (УВКБ ООН), она именуется «экстернализацией» международной защиты. Актуальность исследования обусловлена ростом числа вынужденных мигрантов и ужесточением миграционной политики в принимающих государствах.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В статье рассматриваются примеры как двусторонних соглашений по «экстернализации» международной защиты, так и предложение Комиссии Европейского союза (ЕС) закрепить эту практику на уровне права ЕС. Отдельными государствами – членами ЕС, в первую очередь Италией, формируется тенденция экстерриториального применения национального законодательства в области правового регулирования отдельных аспектов вынужденной миграции на территории другого государства, которая должна соответствовать также и праву ЕС. Автор особое внимание уделяет правовому анализу «миграционных соглашений» отдельных государств, в частности Протокола об экстерриториальном управлении миграцией между Правительством Итальянской Республики и Советом министров Республики Албания 2023 г. и его последствиям1, а также Предложению Комиссии ЕС о принятии нового Регламента о возврате. В исследовании использовались исторический, формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой методы, метод системного анализа и др.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Выявлено, что «экстернализация» принимает различные формы, включая экстерриториальное рассмотрение ходатайств, меры по перехвату мигрантов, передачу обязанностей третьим странам и др. При этом подобные практики часто сопровождаются нарушениями прав человека, включая ограничение доступа к процедурам рассмотрения ходатайств о предоставлении убежища и риск нарушения принципа невысылки. Национальные и международные суды неоднократно признавали такие меры незаконными.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Исследование демонстрирует, что политика «экстернализации» противоречит принципам глобальной солидарности и справедливого распределения ответственности. Несмотря на попытки формального закрепления гарантий для вынужденных мигрантов, риски их нарушений остаются высокими, особенно при передаче в страны с неразвитыми системами убежища. Автор подчеркивает необходимость соблюдения международных стандартов и усиления роли судебного контроля для предотвращения злоупотреблений. В заключение отмечается, что дальнейшее развитие этой практики требует комплексного подхода, учитывающего как безопасность государств, так и защиту прав вынужденных мигрантов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. Problems related to forced migration continue to be one of the priority and sensitive issues in many countries. The article analyzes various initiatives of individual States related to the transfer of forced migrants to third countries and the consideration of their applications for international protection outside their territory on the basis of international agreements or political arrangements. This practice represents one of the modern trends in the international legal regulation of forced migration. In scientific doctrine and in separate acts published by the UNHCR, it is referred to as the “externalization” of international protection. The relevance of the study is due to the growing number of forced migrants and tightening of migration policies in the host countries.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article examines examples of both bilateral agreements on the “externalization” of international protection and proposals by the Commission of the European Union (hereinafter – EU) to consolidate this practice at the level of EU law. Individual EU member States, primarily Italy, are developing a trend of extraterritorial application of national legislation in the field of legal regulation of certain aspects of forced migration on the territory of another State, which must also comply with EU law. The authors pay special attention to the legal analysis of the “migration agreements” of individual states, in particular the Protocol on the Extraterritorial Management of Migration between the Government of the Italian Republic and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Albania 2023 and its consequences, as well as the Proposal of the EU Commission on the adoption of a new Return Regulation. The research used historical, formal legal, comparative legal methods, the method of system analysis, etc.THE RESEARCH RESULTS. It has been revealed that “externalization” takes various forms, including extraterritorial consideration of applications, measures to intercept migrants, transfer of responsibilities to third countries, etc. However, such practices are often accompanied by human rights violations, including restrictions on access to asylum and the risk of forced expulsion. Judicial authorities have repeatedly recognized such measures as illegal.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The study demonstrates that the policy of “externalization” contradicts the principles of global solidarity and fair distribution of responsibilities. Despite attempts to formalize guarantees for migrants, the risks of violations remain high, especially when transferred to countries with underdeveloped asylum systems. The author emphasizes the need to comply with international standards and strengthen the role of judicial control to prevent abuse. In conclusion, it is noted that the further development of this practice requires an integrated approach that takes into account both the security of States and the protection of the rights of forced migrants.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вынужденная миграция</kwd><kwd>убежище</kwd><kwd>«экстернализация» международной защиты</kwd><kwd>«оффшорные соглашения»</kwd><kwd>экстерриториальное применение национального права</kwd><kwd>лица</kwd><kwd>ищущие убежище</kwd><kwd>беженцы</kwd><kwd>вынужденные мигранты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forced migration</kwd><kwd>asylum</kwd><kwd>“externalization” of international protection</kwd><kwd>“offshore agreements”</kwd><kwd>extraterritorial application of national law</kwd><kwd>asylum seekers</kwd><kwd>refugees</kwd><kwd>forced migrants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бирюков М.М., Алиев Д.М. 2018. Дублинское регулирование: история становления и содержание. Московский журнал международного права. № 2. С. 115-125. URL: https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/261?locale=ru_RU (дата обращения: 01.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bar-Tuvia Sh. Australian and Israeli Agreements for the Permanent Transfer of Refugees: Stretching Further the (Il)legality and (Im)morality of Western Externalization Policies. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2018. Vol. 30. Issue 3. P. 474-511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров И.А., Агафошин М.М. 2024. Экстернализация политики убежища Британии после брекзита. – Современная Европа. № 2 (123). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/eksternalizatsiya-politiki-ubezhischa-britanii-posle-brekzita (дата обращения: 05.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bill F., Kysel I.M., Podkul J. The impact of externalization of migration controls on the rights of asylum seekers and other migrants. – Journal on Migration and Human Security 4.4. 2016. P. 190-220. URL: https://journals.sage-pub.com/doi/epdf/10.1177/233150241600400402 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Д.В., Пчелинцева В.В. 2022. Миграционная политика Великобритании после Брексита: международно-правовые аспекты – Право и управление. XXI век. Т. 18. № 4 (65). С. 34-46. URL: https://mgimopravo.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/366?locale=ru_RU (дата обращения: 01.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birjukov M.M., Aliev D.M. Dublinskoe regulirovanie: istorija stanovlenija i soderzhanie [Dublin regulation: the history of its formation and content]. – Moskovskij zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava [Moscow Journal of International Law]. 2018. № 2. S. 115-125. URL: https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/261?locale=ru_RU (data obrashhenija: 01.08.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потемкина О.Ю. 2025. Перспективы реализации Пакта о миграции и убежище. – Европейский Союз: факты и комментарии. № 119. С. 43-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cantor D., Tan N.F., Gkliati M., Mavropoulou E., Allinson K., Chakrabarty S., Grundler M., Hillary L., McDonnell E., Moodley R., Phillips St., Pijnenburg A., Reyhani A.-N., Soares S., Yacoub N. Externalisation, Access to Territorial Asylum, and International Law. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2022. Vol. 34. Issue 1. P. 120-156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эржон М., Гиола К. 2024. «Экстернализация» миграционной политики и политики предоставления убежища Европейского союза: кейс соглашения между Италией и Албанией. – Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика. № 4. С. 40-60. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/eksternalizatsiya-migratsionnoy-politiki-i-politiki-predostavleniya-ubezhischa-evropeyskogo-soyuza-keys-soglasheniya-mezhdu-italiey (дата обращения: 09.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dastyari A., Ghezelbash D. Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2020. Vol. 32. Issue 1. P. 1-27. URL: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/lawreview/vol29/iss1/7 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bar-Tuvia Sh. 2018. Australian and Israeli Agreements for the Permanent Transfer of Refugees: Stretching Further the (Il)legality and (Im)morality of Western Externalization Policies. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 30. Issue 3. P. 474-511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinas E, Matakos K, Xefteris D, Hangartner D. Waking Up the Golden Dawn: Does Exposure to the Refugee Crisis Increase Support for Extreme-Right Parties? – Political Analysis. 2019. Vol. 27 (2). P. 244-254. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/political-analysis/article/waking-up-the-golden-dawn-does-exposure-to-the-refugee-crisis-increase-support-for-extremeright-par-ties/C50A127CC517968F2D0FA42A2A23FF85 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bill F., Kysel I.M., Podkul J. 2016. The impact of externalization of migration controls on the rights of asylum seekers and other migrants. – Journal on Migration and Human Security 4.4. P. 190-220. URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epdf/10.1177/233150241600400402 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodwin-Gill G. After the Cold War: asylum and the refugee concept move on. – Forced Migration Review. 2001. Vol. 10. URL: https://www.fmreview.org/goodwingill-2/ (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cantor D., Tan N.F., Gkliati M., Mavropoulou E., Allinson K., Chakrabarty S., Grundler M., Hillary L., McDonnell E., Moodley R., Phillips St., Pijnenburg A., Reyhani A.-N., Soares S., Yacoub N. 2022. Externalisation, Access to Territorial Asylum, and International Law. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 34. Issue 1. Р. 120-156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodwin-Gill G. The Right to Seek Asylum: Interception at Sea and the Principle of Non-Refoulement. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2011. Vol. 23. Issue 3. P. 455-457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dastyari A., Ghezelbash D. 2020. Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 32. Issue 1. P. 1-27. URL: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/lawreview/vol29/iss1/7 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holly G. Transnational Tort and Access to Remedy under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Kamasaee v. Commonwealth. – Melbourne Journal of International Law. 2018. Vol. 19. No. 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinas E., Matakos K., Xefteris D., Hangartner D. 2019. Waking Up the Golden Dawn: Does Exposure to the Refugee Crisis Increase Support for Extreme-Right Parties? – Political Analysis. Vol. 27 (2). P. 244-254. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/political-analysis/article/waking-up-the-golden-dawn-does-exposure-to-the-refugee-crisis-increase-support-for-extremeright-parties/C50A127C-C517968F2D0FA42A2A23FF85 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov D.V., Pchelinceva V.V. Migracionnaja politika Velikobritanii posle Breksita: mezhdunarodno-pravovye aspekty [UK migration policy after Brexit: International legal aspects]. – Pravo i upravlenie XXI vek [Law and Governance. XXI century]. 2022. T. 18. № 4 (65). S. 34-46. URL: https://mgimopravo.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/366?locale=ru_RU (data obrashhenija: 01.08.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodwin-Gill G. 2001. After the Cold War: asylum and the refugee concept move on. – Forced Migration Review. Vol. 10. URL: https://www.fmreview.org/goodwin-gill-2/ (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jerzhon M., Giola K. «Jeksternalizacija» migracionnoj politiki i politiki predostavlenija ubezhishha Evropejskogo sojuza: kejs soglashenija mezhdu Italiej i Albaniej [“Externalization” of migration and asylum policy of the European Union: a case study of the agreement between Italy and Albania]. – Vestnik mezhdunarodnyh organizacij: obrazovanie, nauka, novaja jekonomika. [Bulletin of International Organizations: education, Science, New Economy]. 2024. № 4. S. 40-60. URL: https://cyber-leninka.ru/article/n/eksternalizatsiya-migratsionnoy-politiki-i-politiki-predostavleniya-ubezhischa-evrope-yskogo-soyuza-keys-soglasheniya-mezhdu-italiey (data obrashhenija: 09.08.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodwin-Gill G. 2011. The Right to Seek Asylum: Interception at Sea and the Principle of Non-Refoulement. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 23. Issue 3. P. 455-457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh H. America’s Offshore Refugee Camps. – 29 Richmond Law Review. 1995. Vol. 139. Р. 139-173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holly G. 2018. Transnational Tort and Access to Remedy under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Kamasaee v. Commonwealth. – Melbourne Journal of International Law. Vol. 19. No. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magner T. A Less than ‘Pacific’ Solution for Asylum Seekers in Australia. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2004. Vol. 16. Issue 1. P. 79-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh H. 1995. America’s Offshore Refugee Camps. – 29 Richmond Law Review. Vol. 139. Р. 139-173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McAdam J. Australia and Asylum Seekers. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2013. Vol. 25. Issue 3. P. 439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magner T. 2004. A Less than ‘Pacific’ Solution for Asylum Seekers in Australia. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 16. Issue 1. P. 79-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osso B.N. Unpacking the Safe Third Country Concept in the European Union: B/orders, Legal Spaces, and Asylum in the Shadow of Externalization. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2023. Vol. 35. Issue 3. P. 278-279. URL: https://academic.oup.com/ijrl/article/35/3/272/7477630?searchresult=1#438928376 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McAdam J. 2013. Australia and Asylum Seekers. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 25. Issue 3. P. 435-448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez C.S. The Securitization of Asylum: A Review of UK Asylum Laws Post-Brexit. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2023. Vol. 35. Issue 3. P. 304-321. URL: https:// academic.oup.com/ijrl/article/35/3/304/7468515?searchresult=1 (accessed date: 23.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osso B.N. 2023. Unpacking the Safe Third Country Concept in the European Union: B/orders, Legal Spaces, and Asylum in the Shadow of Externalization. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 35. Issue 3. P. 272-303. URL: https://academic.oup.com/ijrl/article/35/3/272/7477630?searchresult=1#438928376 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pijnenburg A. Migration Deals Seen through the Lens of the ICESCR. – International Journal of Refugee Law. 2023. Vol. 35. Issue 2. P. 151-170. URL: https://academ-ic.oup.com/ijrl/article/35/2/151/7222888?searchresult=1#426896082 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez C.S. 2023. The Securitization of Asylum: A Review of UK Asylum Laws Post-Brexit. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 35. Issue 3. P. 304-321. URL: https://academic.oup.com/ijrl/article/35/3/304/7468515?searchresult=1 (accessed date: 23.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potemkina O.Ju. Perspektivy realizacii Pakta o migracii i ubezhishhe [Prospects for the implementation of the Migration and Asylum Pact]. – Evropejskij Sojuz: fakty i kommentarii [The European Union: facts and comments]. 2025. № 119. S. 43-47. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pijnenburg A. 2023. Migration Deals Seen through the Lens of the ICESCR. – International Journal of Refugee Law. Vol. 35. Issue 2. P. 151-170. URL: https://academic.oup.com/ijrl/article/35/2/151/7222888?searchresult=1#426896082 (accessed date: 1.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor S. Australia’s Funded Care and Maintenance of Asylum Seekers in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea: All Care but No Responsibility? – University of New South Wales Law Journal. 2010. Vol. 33. Issue 2. P. 337-359. URL: https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/33-2-12.pdf (accessed date: 23.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor S. 2010. Australia’s Funded Care and Maintenance of Asylum Seekers in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea: All Care but No Responsibility? – University of New South Wales Law Journal. Vol. 33. Issue 2. P. 337-359. URL: https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/33-2-12.pdf (accessed date: 23.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaharov I.A., Agafoshin M.M. Jeksternalizacija politiki ubezhishha Britanii posle brekzita [The externalization of Britain’s asylum policy after Brexit]. – Sovremennaja Evropa [Modern Europe]. 2024. № 2 (123). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/eksternalizatsiya-poli-tiki-ubezhischa-britanii-posle-brekzita (data obrash-henija: 05.08.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
