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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-3-102-118</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2892</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мониторинг соблюдения прав человека в рамках Всеобщей системы преференций Европейского союза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Human Rights Monitoring under European Union Generalised Scheme of Preferences</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-9111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жилкин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhilkin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антоний Сергеевич ЖИЛКИН, аспирант, стажер-исследователь департамента международного права</p><p>Мясницкая ул., д. 20, Москва, 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antony S. ZHILKIN, Postgraduate Student, Research Assistant at the School of International Law</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antony_zhilkin@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жилкин А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жилкин А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhilkin A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2892">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2892</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Статья исследует мониторинг соблюдения прав человека в рамках Всеобщей системы преференций (далее – ВСП) Европейского союза (далее – ЕС). Цель работы – проанализировать, как ЕС использует торговые преференции для продвижения прав человека в развивающихся странах, уделяя особое внимание эффективности механизмов мониторинга и процедур отмены преференций. Задачи исследования включают: изучение этапов развития программ ВСП ЕС; анализ нынешней системы мониторинга; оценку недавнего случая частичного отзыва преференций у Камбоджи; а также выявление сильных и слабых сторон системы с предложениями по ее улучшению.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Исследование основано на комбинации методов, включая анализ документов ЕС, таких как Регламент (ЕС) № 978/2012 (основа текущих программ ВСП) и Делегированный регламент Комиссии (ЕС) № 1083/2013 (детализация процедуры отмены преференций). В рамках кейс-стади был изучен недавний отзыв части торговых преференций у Камбоджи в связи с массовыми нарушениями прав человека в стране, в частности, роспуском Партии национального спасения и арестом ее лидера Кем Сокха. Дополнительно изучены доклады мониторинговых органов Организации Объединенных Наций (далее – ООН), Международной Организации Труда (далее – МОТ) и институтов ЕС в целях оценки эффективности мониторинга. Такой подход позволяет системно оценить как формальные процедуры, так и практическую реализацию обусловленности (кондициональности) прав человека в торговой политике ЕС.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Исследование показало, что система мониторинга ЕС использует многоуровневый подход: от усиленного политического диалога до формальной процедуры отмены преференций. Случай Камбоджи продемонстрировал как сильные стороны, так и ограничения системы мониторинга. Несмотря на многолетние усилия Европейской комиссии, ситуация с правами человека в стране не улучшилась, что привело к частичной отмене преференций в рамках программы «Все, кроме оружия» (далее – EBA), затронувшей около 20% экспорта Камбоджи в ЕС. Сильные стороны системы: поэтапный подход дает странам время на исправление нарушений; оценка на основе данных из широкого круга источников повышает объективность; экономические стимулы способствуют соблюдению прав человека. Однако выявлены и ключевые недостатки: неполная прозрачность, централизованное принятие решений, непропорциональное воздействие на уязвимые группы и ограниченное влияние при наличии у стран-бенефициаров доступа к альтернативным рынкам.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Проведенный анализ позволяет утверждать, что, хотя система мониторинга ВСП ЕС создает основу для продвижения прав человека через торговую политику, для большей эффективности необходимы существенные улучшения. Рекомендации включают: установление четких ожиданий по проведению реформ, направленных на улучшение ситуации с правами человека, для стран с учетом их экономической и социальной ситуации, повышение прозрачности через проведение публичных слушаний и раскрытие «списков проблем»; проведение оценок социальных последствий до отмены преференций; координацию с другими развитыми странами для выработки единого подхода. Программа ВСП+ выделяется использованием подхода кнута и пряника, однако ЕС необходимо балансировать между чрезмерным давлением и минимизацией негативных последствий для уязвимых групп в странахбенефициарах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. This article examines the monitoring of human rights compliance in the European Union’s Generalised Scheme of Preferences (hereinafter GSP) programmes. It aims to analyse how the European Union (hereinafter EU) uses trade preferences as leverage to promote human rights in developing countries, with a particular focus on the effectiveness of monitoring mechanisms and withdrawal procedures. The research objectives include tracing the evolution of the EU GSP programmes, examining the current monitoring system, evaluating the recent case of Cambodia’s partial withdrawal, and identifying both strengths and limitations of the system along with potential improvements.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research employs multiple methodological approaches, including comprehensive document analysis of EU regulations, particularly Regulation (EU) No 978/2012 governing the current GSP programmes, and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1083/2013 detailing the withdrawal procedure. This article utilises case study analysis focusing on the recent partial withdrawal of trade preferences from Cambodia due to systematic human rights violations, particularly the dissolution of the Cambodia National Rescue Party and the arrest of its leader, Kem Sokha. Additionally, reports from the United Nations (hereinafter UN) and International Labour Organisation (hereinafter ILO) monitoring bodies, as well as EU institutions, were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of monitoring mechanisms. This methodological framework allows for a systematic assessment of both formal procedures and the practical implementation of the EU’s human rights conditionality in external trade relations.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study reveals that the EU monitoring system operates through a multi-tiered approach, ranging from enhanced engagement to initiating formal withdrawal procedures. The Cambodia case demonstrates both the merits and constrains of this system. Despite years of engagement with the European Commission, Cambodia’s human rights situation did not improve sufficiently, resulting in a partial withdrawal of the Everything But Arms (hereinafter EBA) programme preferences, which affected approximately 20 % of Cambodia’s exports to the EU. The study identifies key merits of the monitoring system: the step-by-step approach allows beneficiary countries time to address violations; evidence-based assessments from multiple sources promote objectivity; and the potential for leverage creates economic incentives for compliance. However, significant weaknesses include insufficient transparency, centralised decision-making, disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations, and limited leverage when beneficiaries have alternative markets.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis suggests that while the EU’s GSP monitoring system provides a framework for promoting human rights through trade, substantial refinements are needed to enhance its greater effectiveness. Recommendations include establishing more defined expectations for beneficiaries based on their specific circumstances, increasing transparency through public hearings and disclosure of “issue lists”, conducting social impact assessments before implementing withdrawals, and coordinating with other developed countries to create a unified approach. The EU system stands out for its progressive GSP+ programme that employs a carrot and stick approach, but it must balance leverage with avoiding disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations in beneficiary countries.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>ЕС</kwd><kwd>Всеобщая система преференций</kwd><kwd>ВСП</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>трудовые права</kwd><kwd>обусловленность прав человека</kwd><kwd>мониторинг соблюдения прав человека</kwd><kwd>международная торговля</kwd><kwd>торговая политика</kwd><kwd>торговые преференции</kwd><kwd>развивающиеся страны</kwd><kwd>устойчивое развитие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>EU</kwd><kwd>Generalised Scheme of Preferences</kwd><kwd>GSP</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>labour rights</kwd><kwd>human rights conditionality</kwd><kwd>human rights monitoring</kwd><kwd>international trade</kwd><kwd>trade policy</kwd><kwd>trade preferences</kwd><kwd>developing countries</kwd><kwd>sustainable development</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartels L. 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