<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2018-4-96-109</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-289</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО И ОКРУЖАЮЩАЯ  СРЕДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ОРХУССКАЯ КОНВЕНЦИЯ: РОССИЙСКИЕ И ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ДОКТРИНАЛЬНЫЕ ОЦЕНКИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE AARHUS CONVENTION IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DOCTRINES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-6621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дудыкина</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dudykina</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат юридических наук, генеральный директор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Law), General Director</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">inna_mel3008@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Юридическая фирма ООО «ПКФ Фактор»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Law Firm “Factor”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дудыкина И.П., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дудыкина И.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dudykina I.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/289">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/289</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В статье дана доктринальная юридическая характеристика Конвенции о доступе к информации, участии общественности в процессе принятия решений и доступе к правосудию по вопросам, касающимся окружающей среды (Орхус, 25 июня 1998 г.). Согласно совпадающим мнениям российских и англо-американских правоведов, Орхусская конвенция стала новым и важнейшим шагом в увязывании мер охраны окружающей среды с правами человека, в том числе и посредством улучшения международно-правовых механизмов оценки воздействия на окружающую среду. Немногочисленные оценки Орхусской конвенции в российской науке международного права носят сдержанный характер. В англоязычной научной литературе правоведы рассматривают юридическую ценность Орхусской конвенции как источника международного права в контексте того, что она устанавливает весьма конкретные правовые стандарты участия общественности в принятии мер, касающихся охраны окружающей среды. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Материалом для исследования послужили сама Орхусская конвенция, предшествующие ей международноправовые документы по охране окружающей среды, а также директивы Европейского союза, определяющие основы процедуры оценки воздействия на окружающую среду, сквозь призму толкования этих правовых документов в российской и англо-американской международноправовой доктрине. Методологическую основу исследования составили общенаучные и частнонаучные методы познания (диалектический метод, методы анализа и синтеза, дедукции и индукции), а также специальные методы, применяемые в юридической науке, такие как историко-правовой, формально-юридический и сравнительно-правовой методы. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В ходе проведенного исследования автором критически проанализировано то, как в российских и англоамериканских научных публикациях по международному праву оценивается влияние Орхусской конвенции на развитие международного природоохранного права. Что особенно актуально, конвенционные нормы исследуются в контексте судебной практики, в том числе национальной, касающейся арктических районов. В общетеоретическом контексте в статье рассматриваются доктринальные толкования конвенционных механизмов гармонизации социально-экологических (в том числе природоохранных) и экономических интересов государств и их лиц, физических и юридических, прежде всего на фоне экологического права Европейского союза. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. В статье автор обращает внимание читателя на то, что Орхусская конвенция мало исследуется даже в зарубежных курсах международного права, а тем более в российской международно-правовой доктрине. Будучи принятой посредством площадки Европейской экономической комиссии ООН, Орхусская конвенция, вступившая в силу в 2001 г., в англо-американской правовой литературе рассматривается как тесно взаимосвязанная с развитием экологически значимого регулирования в государствах прежде всего Европейского союза с учетом того, что в Орхусской конвенции получили развитие многие процессуально-правовые элементы, связанные с участием общественности в принятии решений по конкретным видам деятельности, в том числе и в сфере энергетики, а также с получением населением значимой экологической информации. Орхусская конвенция, оказав существенное влияние на развитие правовых механизмов на стыке правочеловеческой и природоохранной отраслей, нацелена на эффективную гармонизацию социально-экологических и экономических интересов, что особенно важно для уточнения режима охраны окружающей среды в Арктике.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. The article provides a doctrinal legal description of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus, 25 June 1998) (hereinafter referred as the Aarhus Convention). According to the common position of the Russian and Anglo-American legal scholars, the Aarhus Convention was a new and crucial step in linking environmental protection measures with human rights, including through improved international legal mechanisms for environmental impact assessment. The few assessments of this convention in the Russian science of international law are restrained. In the Anglo-American scientific literature the scholars see legal value of this convention as a source of international law in the context of the Convention setting very specific legal standards for public participation in environmental protection measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material for the study was the Aarhus Convention itself, the previous international legal instruments on environmental protection, as well as the European Union Directives defining the basis of the environmental impact assessment procedure, primarily against the background of the interpretation of these legal instruments in the Russian and Anglo-American international legal doctrine. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition (dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction), as well as special methods used in legal science, such as historical and legal, formal legal and comparative legal methods. RESEARCH RESULTS. In the article, the author critically analyzed how the Russian and AngloAmerican scientific publications on international law assesses the impact of the Aarhus Convention on the development of international environmental law. What is especially important, the conventional mechanisms are analyzed in the context of the applicable court practice to the Arctic regions. The article deals with the doctrinal interpretation of the Convention mechanisms of harmonization of socio-environmental (including environmental) and economic interests of States and their individuals, physical and legal, especially against the background of environmental law of the European Union. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In the article the author draws the reader’s attention to the fact that the Aarhus Convention is little studied even in foreign courses of international law, especially in the Russian international legal doctrine. Having been adopted through the UN Economic Commission for Europe platform, the Aarhus Convention entered into force in 2001, the Anglo-American legal literature is considered as closely interrelated with the development of environmental regulation in the States of the European Union taking into consideration that in the Aarhus Convention that many procedural and legal elements related to public participation in decision-making on specific activities, including in the field of energy, as well as the receipt of significant environmental information by the population, have been developed. The Aarhus Convention, having had a significant impact on the development of the legal mechanisms at the intersection of the human rights and environmental sectors, is aimed at the effective harmonization of social, environmental and economic interests what is especially important for the verification of the regime of environmental protection in the Arctic.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Орхусская конвенция 1998 г.</kwd><kwd>экологические права человека</kwd><kwd>оценка воздействия на окружающую среду (ОВОС)</kwd><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>экологическое право</kwd><kwd>окружающая среда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Aarhus Convention of 1998</kwd><kwd>environmental rights</kwd><kwd>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</kwd><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>environmental law</kwd><kwd>environment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А.Н. 2013. Правовое положение Арктического региона в документах. – Арктический регион: проблемы международного сотрудничества. Т. 3: Применимые правовые источники. Гл. ред. И.С. Иванов. М.: Аспект-Пресс. С. 11–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alge T. Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application in Austria. – Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application based on Experience and Court Practice of NGOs in 7 EU Countries. 2009. P. 11–18. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_files/file/2009/09/access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А.Н., Шаповалов Б.П. 2013. Правовые основы арктической политики Европейского союза. – Московский журнал международного права. № 1 (89). С. 191–202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkman P.A. [et al.]. The Arctic Science Agreement Propels Science Diplomacy. – Science. 2017. Vol. 358. Issue 636. P. 596–598. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0890</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alge T. 2009. Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application in Austria. – Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application Based on Experience and Court Practice of NGOs in 7 EU Сountries. P. 11–18. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_ﬁles/ﬁle/2009/09/access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkman P.A., Vylegzhanin A.N., Young O.R. Governing the Bering Strait Region: Current Status, Emerging Issues and Future Option. – Ocean Development and International Law. 2016. Vol. 47. Issue 2. P. 186–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00 908320.2016.1159091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berkman P.A. [et al.]. 2017. The Arctic Science Agreement Propels Science Diplomacy. – Science. Vol. 358. Issue 636. P. 596–598. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0890</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Block N. Sustainable Development Considerations in the Arctic. – Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean. Ed. by P. Berkman and A. Vylegzhanin. Dordrecht: Springer. 2013. P. 37–58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berkman P.A., Vylegzhanin A.N., Young O.R. 2016. Governing the Bering Strait Region: Current Status, Emerging Issues and Future Option. – Ocean Development and International Law. Vol. 47. Issue 2. P. 186–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0 0908320.2016.1159091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Černý P. Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application in the Czech Republic. – Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application based on Experience and Court Practice of NGOs in 7 EU Countries. 2009. P. 19–24. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_files/file/2009/09/access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vylegzhanin A.N., Young O.R., Berkman P.A. 2017. Governing the Barents Sea Region: Current Status, Emerging Issues and Future Option. – Ocean Development and International Law. Vol. 49. Issue 1. P. 52–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2017.1365545</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chesterman S., Johnstone I., Malone D. Law and Practice of the United Nations: Documents and Commentary. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. 741 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Block N. 2013. Sustainable Development Considerations in the Arctic. – Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean. Ed. by P. Berkman and A. Vylegzhanin. Dordrecht: Springer. P. 37–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corell R.W. Consequences of the Changes across the Arctic on World Order, the North Paciﬁc Nations, and Regional and Global Governance. – The Arctic in Word Aﬀairs: A North Paciﬁc Dialogue on Arctic Transformation (2011 North Paciﬁc Arctic Conference Proceedings). Ed. by R.W. Corell, J.S.-C. Kang, Y.H. Kim. Honolulu, USA: East-West Center. 2013. P. 17–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Černý P. 2009. Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application in the Czech Republic. – Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application based on Experience and Court Practice of NGOs in 7 EU Countries. P. 19–24. URL: http://www. justiceandenvironment.org/_files/file/2009/09/ access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Csaba K. Selected Problems of the Implementation of the Aarhus Convention in Hungary. 2009. P. 31–38. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_ﬁles/ﬁle/2009/09/access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chesterman S., Johnstone I., Malone D. 2016. Law and Practice of the United Nations: Documents and Commentary. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 741 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loucaides L. Environmental Protection through the Jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights. – British Yearbook of International Law. 2005. Vol. 75. Issue 1. P. 249–267. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/bybil/75.1.249</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corell R.W. 2013. Consequences of the Changes across the Arctic on World Order, the North Paciﬁc Nations, and Regional and Global Governance. – The Arctic in Word Aﬀairs: A North Paciﬁc Dialogue on Arctic Transformation (2011 North Paciﬁc Arctic Conference Proceedings). Ed. by R.W. Corell, J.S.-C. Kang, Y.H. Kim. Honolulu, USA: East-West Center. P. 17–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsvig S. Greenland perspective. Building Resilient Communities in the Arctic. – The Arctic in World Affairs: A North Paciﬁc Dialogue on the Future of the Arctic (2013 North Paciﬁc Arctic Conference Proceedings). Ed. by O.R. Young, J.D. Kim, Y.H. Kim. Busan, Republic of Korea: Korea Maritime Institute; Honolulu, USA: East-West Center. 2013. P. 252–264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Csaba K. 2009. Selected Problems of the Implementation of the Aarhus Convention in Hungary. P. 31–38. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_files/file/2009/09/access_to_justice_ collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richardson B.J., Razzque J. Public Participation in Environment Decision-making. – Environmental Law for Sustainability. Ed. by B.J. Richardson and S. Wood. Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2006. P. 165–194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loucaides L. 2005. Environmental Protection through the Jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights. – British Yearbook of International Law. Vol. 75. Issue 1. P. 249–267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/75.1.249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application based on Experience and Court Practice of NGOs in 7 EU Countries. 2009. 54 p. URL: http://www. justiceandenvironment.org/_files/file/2009/09/ access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsvig S. 2013. Greenland perspective. Building Resilient Communities in the Arctic. – The Arctic in World Aﬀairs: A North Paciﬁc Dialogue on the Future of the Arctic (2013 North Paciﬁc Arctic Conference Proceedings). Ed. by O.R. Young, J.D. Kim, Y.H. Kim. Busan, Republic of Korea: Korea Maritime Institute; Honolulu, USA: East-West Center. P. 252–264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaw M. International Law. 8th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2017. 1033 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richardson B.J., Razzque J. 2006. Public Participation in Environment Decision-making. – Environmental Law for Sustainability. Ed. by B.J. Richardson and S. Wood. Oxford: Hart Publishing. P. 165–194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaarmari K. Selected Issues of Application of the Aarhus Convention in Estonia. 2009. P. 25–30. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_files/ﬁle/2009/09/access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selected Problems of the Aarhus Convention Application based on Experience and Court Practice of NGOs in 7 EU Countries. 2009. 54 p. URL: http://www. justiceandenvironment.org/_files/file/2009/09/ access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vylegzhanin A.N. Pravovoye polojeniye Arkticheskogo regiona v dokumentah [Legal Status of the Arctic Region in Documents]. – Arkticheskiy region. Problemy mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva: Chrestomatia v 3 tomah. Tom 3: Primenimye pravoviye istochniki [The Arctic Region. Problems of International Cooperation. In 3 volumes. Vol. 3. Applicable Legal Sources. Ed.-in-Chief I.S. Ivanov]. Moscow: Aspect-Press Publ. 2013. P. 11–44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaarmari K. 2009. Selected Issues of Application of the Aarhus Convention in Estonia. P. 25–30. URL: http://www.justiceandenvironment.org/_files/ﬁle/2009/09/access_to_justice_collection.pdf (accessed date: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vylegzhanin A.N., Shapovalov B.P. Pravovye osnovy arkticheskoi politiki Evropeiskogo soyuza [Legal Basis for the EU Arctic Policy]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2013. No. 1 (89). P. 191–202. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaw M. 2017. International Law. 8th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1033 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vylegzhanin A.N., Young O.R., Berkman P.A. Governing the Barents Sea Region: Current Status, Emerging Issues and Future Option. – Ocean Development and International Law. 2017. Vol. 49. Issue 1. P. 52–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0090 8320.2017.1365545</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
