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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-2-113-132</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2874</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ЗАЩИТА ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Права человека: роль международного обычая в регулировании применения нелетального оружия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Human Rights: The Role of International Custom in Regulating the Use of Non-Lethal Weapons</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3099-2413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дрыгина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drygina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Александровна Дрыгина, кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры таможенного дела</p><p>Н. Ершова ул., 58, Казань, 420081,  Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia A. Drygina, Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Customs</p><p>Affairs, 58, N. Ershova st., Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420081</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ana_drygina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казанский кооперативный институт (филиал) автономной некоммерческой образовательной организации высшего образования Центросоюза Российской Федерации «Российский университет кооперации»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan Cooperative Institute (branch) of the autonomous non-profit educational organization of higher education of the Central Union of the Russian Federation “Russian University of Cooperation”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дрыгина А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дрыгина А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Drygina A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2874">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2874</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Если в военное время применение нелетального оружия как средства ведения войны регулируется конвенциями и обычаями войны, в рамках правоохранительной деятельности требования, относящиеся к данным видам оружия, в основном отражены в актах мягкого права (стандарты, рекомендации, руководства). Часто в силу мягкости характера указанных норм, они не обеспечивают нормального правового регулирования для нелетального оружия, в то время как организации, занимающиеся защитой прав человека, неоднократно указывали, что применение нелетального оружия в рамках правоохранительной деятельности может быть неизбирательным и летальным. Возникает вопрос: существуют ли в международном праве императивные нормы, регулирующие или запрещающие применение часто непредсказуемого и порой экспериментального нелетального оружия в контексте правоохранительной деятельности? Данная статья ставит своей целью определить, имеются ли международные обычаи в сфере международного права прав человека, способные регулировать использование нелетального оружия.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В основе настоящего исследования лежат труды как отечественных, так и зарубежных экспертов, специализирующихся на международном праве. В силу специфики природы нелетального оружия и для достоверности результатов в исследовании также использовались работы специалистов в сфере других наук (медицинских, технических). Автором были изучены международные соглашения, документы международных организаций, судебная практика и научная литература. При подготовке исследования использовались общенаучные, междисциплинарные (опрос и интервьюирование) и специально-юридические (формально-юридический и сравнительноправовой) методы. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В данной статье определено значение международного обычая в области международного права прав человека, изучены его воплощения в иных источниках международного права. Обоснована применимость международных обычаев при регулировании использования нелетального оружия в правоохранительной деятельности, а именно таких обычаев, как запрет произвольного лишения жизни, запрет пыток, жестокого, бесчеловечного и унижающего достоинство обращения и наказания, запрет порабощения, запрет геноцида и преступлений против человечности, принципы необходимости и пропорциональности при осуществлении правоохранительной деятельности. Также предложено рассмотреть возможность урегулирования применения нелетального оружия посредством международных обычаев, касающихся применения неизбирательного оружия и экспериментов над человеком.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Автор пришел к выводу, что международные обычаи действительно способны выступать в качестве источника регулирования применения нелетального оружия в рамках правоохранительной деятельности. Однако это происходит опосредованно, через обязательства государств по обеспечению основных прав и свобод человека.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. If in wartime the use of non-lethal weapons as a means of warfare is regulated by conventions and customs, in the context of law enforcement, the requirements related to these kinds of weapons are mainly reflected in acts of "soft law" (standards, recommendations, guidelines). Often, due to the “soft” nature of these norms, they do not provide adequate legal regulation for non-lethal weapons, while human rights organisations have repeatedly pointed out that the use of non-lethal weapons in law enforcement can be indiscriminate and lethal. The question arises: are there mandatory norms in International Law that regulate or prohibit the use of often unpredictable and sometimes experimental non-lethal weapons in the context of law enforcement? This article aims to determine whether there are international customs in the field of International Human Rights Law that can regulate the use of non-lethal weapons.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study is based on the works of Russian and foreign experts in the field of International Law. Due to the specific nature of non-lethal weapons and for the reliability of the results, the materials studied also include the works of specialists in other sciences (medical, technical). The author studied international agreements, acts of international organisations, case law and scientific literature. In preparing the study, general scientific, interdisciplinary (survey and interviewing) and special legal (formal legal and comparative legal) methods were used.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. This article defines the significance of international custom in the field of International Human Rights Law and examines its embodiments in other sources of international law. It substantiates the applicability of international customs in regulating the use of non-lethal weapons in law enforcement, namely such customs as the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of life, the prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment, the prohibition of enslavement, the prohibition of genocide and crimes against humanity, principles of necessity and proportionality during realisation of law enforcement activities. It also proposes to consider the possibility of regulating the use of nonlethal weapons through international customs concerning the use of indiscriminate weapons and experiments on humans.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author concluded that international customs are indeed capable of acting as a source for regulating the use of non-lethal weapons in law enforcement activities. However, this occurs indirectly, through the obligations of states to ensure fundamental human rights and freedoms. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международный обычай</kwd><kwd>нелетальное оружие</kwd><kwd>практика государств и opinio juris</kwd><kwd>международное право прав человека</kwd><kwd>биохимическое оружие</kwd><kwd>биологическое оружие</kwd><kwd>нормы jus cogens</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international custom</kwd><kwd>non-lethal weapons</kwd><kwd>state practice and opinio juris</kwd><kwd>International Human Rights Law</kwd><kwd>biochemical weapons</kwd><kwd>biological weapons</kwd><kwd>jus cogens norms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А.Н., Каламкарян Р.А. 2012. Значение международного обычая в современном международном праве. – Московский журнал международного права. № 2. 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