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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-2-99-112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2873</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Создание Рамочной конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций об изменении климата как основы международного правового режима в области климата (1985–1992 гг.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as the Basis of the International Climate Legal Regime (1985–1992)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-6547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лима</surname><given-names>Л. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лукас Карлос Лима, доктор философии по международному праву, профессор международного права, Координатор исследовательской группы по международным судам и трибуналам (Национальный совет по научному и технологическому развитию и Федеральный университет Минас-Жерайс)Антонио Карлоса пр-т, 6627, Белу-Оризонти,  31270–901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lucas Carlos Lima, PhD in International Law, Professor of International Law, Coordinator of Research Group on International Courts and Tribunals (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and Federal University of Minas Gerais)</p><p>Antônio Carlos Ave., 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270–901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lclima@ufmg.br</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-0404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дал Ри Дж.</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dal Ri Jr.</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Арно Дал Ри Дж., доктор философии по международному праву, профессор теории и истории международного права, Координатор Ius Gentium – Исследовательской группы помеждународному праву (Национальный совет по научному и технологическому развитию и Федеральный университет Санта-Катарины)</p><p>Инженера-агронома Андрея Кристиана Феррейра ул., Флорианополис, Бразилия, 8040–900  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arno Dal Ri Jr., PhD in International Law, Professor of Theory and History of International Law, Coordinator of Ius Gentium – International Law Research Group (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and Federal University of Santa Catarina)</p><p>R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, Florianópolis, 88040–900</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arnodalri@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный университет Минас-Жерайс<country>Бразилия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal University of Minas Gerais<country>Brazil</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный университет Санта-Катарины<country>Бразилия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal University of Santa Catarina<country>Brazil</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лима Л.К., Дал Ри Дж. А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лима Л.К., Дал Ри Дж. А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lima L.C., Dal Ri Jr. A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2873">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2873</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В статье рассматривается история создания Рамочной конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций об изменении климата (РКИК ООН) и ее роль в качестве основополагающей структуры для международного правового режима климата. В исследовании подчеркивается важность решений, принятых в период разработки Конвенции, анализируется их долгосрочное влияние на глобальное управление климатом. В исследовании изучаются события, предшествовавшие Саммиту Земли (Конференция Рио) в 1992 г/, на котором была принята РКИК ООН, а также рассматривается влияние основополагающих принципов и обязательств Конвенции на последующую климатическую политику, включая Киотский протокол и Парижское соглашение по климату. Целью исследования является контекстуализация Конвенции в рамках более широких исторических и правовых изменений в международном экологическом праве.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Исследование основано на историко-правовом подходе. Используются первичные источники, включая тексты договоров, резолюции Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН, консультативные заключения международных судов и официальные материалы конференций. Кроме того, используемые вторичные источники, такие как академические комментарии, учебники по экологическому праву и журнальные статьи, дают представление об эволюции международного климатического права. Исследование разделено на два основных этапа. 1. Исторический анализ: хронологическое изучение переговоров, предшествовавших РКИК ООН, с упором на Стокгольмскую конференцию (1972 г.), Монреальский протокол (1987) и научные отчеты Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата (МГЭИК). 2.  Анализ правовых рамок: оценка правовых принципов, закрепленных в РКИК ООН, таких как устойчивое развитие, общая, но дифференцированная ответственность и межпоколенческая справедливость, а также оценка ее институциональных механизмов, включая роль Конференций Сторон (КС).</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. РКИК ООН как нормативная основа: несмотря на то что РКИК ООН считалась «рамочной конвенцией», она определила основополагающие правовые принципы, которые впоследствии стали краеугольным камнем управления климатом. Правовые инновации и институционализация: Конвенция установила систему сотрудничества между государствами, создав институциональные механизмы, такие как Конференции Сторон, которые способствовали непрерывной правовой эволюции в управлении климатом. Создание Секретариата РКИК ООН еще больше институционализировало переговоры по климату. Устойчивое влияние на международное право: Конвенция остается точкой отсчета для судебных разбирательств по климату и международных консультативных заключений, особенно в недавних делах в Межамериканском суде по правам человека и Международном трибунале по морскому праву. Эти правовые органы все чаще опираются на принципы РКИК ООН для определения обязательств государств в отношении изменения климата.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. В статье сделан вывод о том, что РКИК ООН, несмотря на ее первоначальные слабости, оказалась устойчивым и основополагающим правовым инструментом в международном управлении климатом. Принципы и процедурные механизмы Конвенции позволили разработать обязательные правовые обязательства, такие как те, что содержатся в Киотском протоколе и Парижском соглашении по климату. Более того, ее гибкая институциональная структура позволила ей адаптироваться к возникающим вызовам, таким как судебные разбирательства по климату и консультативные разбирательства в международных судах. Заглядывая вперед, можно ожидать, что РКИК ООН продолжит формировать будущие правовые обязательства, связанные с действиями по климату, особенно по мере того, как климатические споры становятся все более заметными в международных судебных органах. Исследование подчеркивает сохраняющуюся актуальность РКИК ООН перед лицом меняющихся экологических проблем, подтверждая ее статус правовой основы для глобального управления климатом.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The article examines the historical establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its role as the foundational framework for the international climate legal regime. The study highlights the importance of the choices made during the drafting of the Convention, analyzing their long–term impact on global climate governance. The research explores the events leading up to the Earth Summit (Rio Conference) in 1992, where the UNFCCC was adopted, and investigates how its fundamental principles and obligations shaped subsequent climate policies, including the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The study aims to contextualize the Convention within the broader historical and legal developments in international environmental law.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research follows a qualitative legal–historical approach, utilizing primary sources, including treaty texts, General Assembly resolutions, advisory opinions from international courts, and official conference proceedings. Additionally, secondary sources, such as academic commentary, environmental law textbooks, and journal articles, provide insights into the evolution of international climate law. The study is divided into two key phases. 1. Historical Analysis: A chronological examination of the negotiations preceding the UNFCCC, focusing on the Stockholm Conference (1972), the Montreal Protocol (1987), and scientific reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2. Legal Framework Analysis: An evaluation of the legal principles enshrined in the UNFCCC, such as sustainable development, common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), and intergenerational equity, as well as an assessment of its institutional mechanisms, including the role of the Conference of the Parties (COP).</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The UNFCCC as a Normative Framework: Despite being considered a “framework convention” with broad and non– binding commitments, the UNFCCC introduced fundamental legal principles that later became the cornerstone of climate governance. Legal Innovations and Institutionalization: The Convention established a system of cooperation among states, creating institutional mechanisms such as the COPs, which facilitated continued legal evolution in climate governance. The establishment of the UNFCCC Secretariat further institutionalized climate negotiations. Enduring Influence on International Law: The Convention remains a reference point for climate litigation and international advisory opinions, particularly in recent cases before the Inter–American Court of Human Rights and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. These legal bodies have increasingly drawn upon UNFCCC principles to determine states' obligations concerning climate change.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. The article concludes that the UNFCCC, despite its perceived initial weaknesses, has proven to be a resilient and foundational legal instrument in international climate governance. The Convention's principles and procedural mechanisms have enabled the development of binding legal commitments, such as those found in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Moreover, its flexible institutional design has allowed it to adapt to emerging challenges, such as climate litigation and advisory proceedings in international courts. Looking forward, the UNFCCC is expected to continue shaping future legal obligations related to climate action, particularly as climate disputes become more prominent in international judicial bodies. The study underscores the ongoing relevance of the UNFCCC in the face of evolving environmental challenges, reaffirming its status as the standard framework for global climate governance. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международное экологическое право</kwd><kwd>Рамочная конвенция Организации Объединенных Наций об изменении климата</kwd><kwd>режим международного климатического права</kwd><kwd>Конференция в Рио</kwd><kwd>глобальное управление климатом</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international environmental law</kwd><kwd>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</kwd><kwd>international climate law regime</kwd><kwd>Rio Conference</kwd><kwd>global climate governance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adede A.O. 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