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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2025-1-125-137</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2852</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО МАССОВОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО МАССОВОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кибербезопасность и суверенитет в киберпространстве: вызовы и перспективы международного права</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cybersecurity and Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Challenges and Prospects of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4763-1922</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарь</surname><given-names>К. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazari</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Константинович Лазарь, аспирант кафедры международного права</p><p>Остоженка ул., д. 53/2, стр. 1, г. Москва, 119021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Constantin C. Lazari, Post-graduate student of the Department of International Law</p><p>53/2, bld. 1, Ostozhenka St., Moscow, 119021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lazariconstantin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Дипломатическая академия МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Educational Public Institution of Higher Education “Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лазарь К.К., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лазарь К.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lazari С.С.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2852">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2852</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Статья посвящена анализу концепции «киберсуверенитета» как совокупности юридических претензий и механизмов, посредством которых государства стремятся обеспечить контроль и защиту своих интересов в цифровой сфере. На фоне стремительного развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий, транснационального характера киберпространства и отсутствия единых международных норм усиливаются дискуссии о применимости классического понятия государственного суверенитета к цифровой среде. Рассматриваются различные подходы государств (Россия, Китай, США, страны Европейского союза (далее – ЕС) и др.) к регулированию киберпространства, подчеркивается рост значения кибербезопасности в международном праве, анализируется роль международных организаций (включая Организацию Объединенных Нация (далее – ООН)) и ключевых документов, таких как «Таллиннское руководство 2.0».</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Исследование основано на качественном анализе научной литературы, международно-правовых актов (Устав ООН, решения Международного суда ООН, доктринальные документы), национальных стратегий в области кибербезопасности (России, США, Китая и др.), а также сравнительном изучении практик и позиций государств в сфере киберсуверенитета. Использовались общенаучные и частнонаучные методы познания: анализ и синтез, системный и сравнительно-правовой подход, позволяющие выявить правовые пробелы и противоречия в регулировании цифровой среды.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Проведенный анализ показывает, что государства все более стремятся проецировать классический суверенитет на киберпространство, развивая национальное законодательство и формируя самостоятельные киберюрисдикции. Эта тенденция отражается в стратегиях и доктринах ряда стран (Китай, Россия), которые пытаются обеспечить контроль над своим сегментом интернета. Одновременно сохраняется противоречие между государствами, выступающими за открытость и свободное функционирование сети (США, страны ЕС), и теми, кто считает приоритетным укрепление национального контроля в цифровой сфере. Выявлено, что на практике государствам трудно достичь единого понимания границ допустимого вмешательства и масштабов правомерного применения принципа невмешательства и суверенитета в кибероперациях.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЫВОДЫ. Анализ свидетельствует о правовой неопределенности в определении киберопераций, нарушающих суверенитет, а также в квалификации кибершпионажа и кибератак низкой интенсивности. В рамках ООН и специальных групп экспертов (GGE, OEWG) ведется работа по согласованию подходов, однако единый универсальный механизм пока не выработан. Наиболее острые противоречия касаются признания суверенитета в цифровой сфере как самостоятельной нормы международного права и установления четких критериев допустимости киберопераций. Для преодоления правовых пробелов и снижения риска конфликтов необходимо формировать универсальные принципы, учитывающие специфику киберпространства, а также углублять международное сотрудничество, в том числе в области обмена информацией и выработки механизмов быстрого реагирования на киберугрозы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. This article explores the concept of “cyber sovereignty”, understood as the set of legal claims and mechanisms through which states seek to control and protect their interests in the digital domain. Amid the rapid development of information and communication technologies, the transnational nature of cyberspace, and the lack of unified international norms, debates on the applicability of classical state sovereignty to the digital realm are intensifying. The paper examines various approaches taken by different countries (Russia, China, the United States, EU member states, etc.) in regulating cyberspace, highlighting the growing importance of cybersecurity in international law, and analyzing the role of international organizations (including the UN) and key documents such as the Tallinn Manual 2.0.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of academic literature, international legal instruments (UN Charter, International Court of Justice rulings, doctrinal documents), national cybersecurity strategies (Russia, the USA, China, among others), and a comparative examination of state practices and positions regarding cyber sovereignty. General and specific scientific methods – analysis and synthesis, systematic and comparative-legal approaches – were employed to identify legal gaps and contradictions in the regulation of the digital environment.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. The analysis shows that states increasingly aim to extend the concept of classical sovereignty to cyberspace by developing national legislation and creating independent cyber jurisdictions. This trend is reflected in the strategies and doctrines of several countries (China, Russia), which seek to control their segment of the internet. At the same time, a rift remains between states that advocate for an open and free internet (the USA, EU states) and those that prioritize strengthening national control over the digital sphere. In practice, it is difficult for states to reach consensus on the permissible scope of intervention and the application of the principles of non-intervention and sovereignty in cyber operations.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis reveals legal uncertainty in defining what kinds of cyber operations violate sovereignty, as well as in the categorization of cyber espionage and low intensity cyberattacks. The UN and its specialized expert groups (GGE, OEWG) are working on harmonizing approaches; however, no single universal mechanism has yet been established. The most acute controversies concern recognizing sovereignty in the digital sphere as a distinct norm of international law and establishing clear criteria for legitimate cyber operations. Overcoming legal gaps and reducing the risk of conflict require the development of universal principles that account for the unique characteristics of cyberspace, as well as the deepening of international cooperation, including the exchange of information and the creation of rapid response mechanisms to cyber threats.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>киберсуверенитет</kwd><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>киберпространство</kwd><kwd>кибершпионаж</kwd><kwd>суверенитет</kwd><kwd>информационная безопасность</kwd><kwd>ООН</kwd><kwd>национальные стратегии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyber sovereignty</kwd><kwd>international law</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>cyberspace</kwd><kwd>cyber espionage</kwd><kwd>sovereignty</kwd><kwd>information security</kwd><kwd>United Nations</kwd><kwd>national strategies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горелик И.Б. 2021а. 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