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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2024-4-132-145</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2832</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КИБЕРПРОСТРАНСТВО И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CYBERSPACE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Принцип ответственности контролирующего лица как основа для устранения «разрыва ответственности» за вред, причиненный искусственным интеллектом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Principle of Responsibility of the Controlling Person as Approach to Eliminating the “Responsibility Gap” for Harm Caused by AI Systems and AI Applications</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-5281</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Николаевна Мельникова, соискатель ученой степени кандидата юридических наук</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7–9, Санкт-Петербург, 199034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena N. Melnikova, Post-Graduate student, Saint Petersburg University</p><p>7–9, Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">melnikova_elena5@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>132</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельникова Е.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Е.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikova E.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2832">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2832</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Использование технологий искусственного интеллекта (далее – ИИ) характеризуется опосредованием действий человека автономными процессами, что приводит в случае, когда техническая экспертиза не в состоянии выявить причинителя вреда, к «разрыву ответственности» – нежелательному правовому явлению, при котором возложение ответственности за вред, причиненный использованием ИИ, на конкретное лицо (лиц) по правилам деликтной ответственности невозможно.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. При проведении исследования использовались общенаучные и специальные методы, в том числе исторический метод, методы формальной логики, анализа, синтеза, а также системные и сравнительно-правовые методы.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Для устранения «разрыва ответственности» в статье предложен механизм, позволяющий восполнить недостающие элементы состава деликта, совершенного с использованием ИИ тогда, когда ошибку, которая привела к причинению вреда, de lege lata невозможно атрибутировать ни одному участнику жизненного цикла системы или приложения ИИ. Отправной точкой разработки данного механизма стала теория «руководящего контроля» за использованием ИИ. Юридическое осмысление философских оснований теории «руководящего контроля» позволяет обосновать общеправовой принцип распределения ответственности за вред, причиненный ИИ, согласно которому юридическую ответственность несет лицо, обязанное осуществлять человеческий контроль за использованием системы или приложения ИИ, если не выявлено иных виновных лиц. Указанный принцип постепенно воспринимается международно-правовой доктриной, что выражается в обозначении необходимости контроля за использованием ИИ в ряде международных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. При условии закрепления в международном договоре в рамках ЕАЭС общеправовой принцип ответственности контролирующего лица за вред, причиненный ИИ, может приобрести значение регионального международно-правового принципа, и тем самым стать основой формирования в ЕАЭС нормативно-правового регулирования распределения ответственности за вред, причиненный ИИ. Предложенный юридический механизм пригоден для сближения законодательств государств – членов ЕАЭС как посредством наднационального правового регулирования, так и посредством гармонизации законодательств по данному вопросу. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The use of artificial intelligence technologies (hereinafter referred to as “AI”) is characterized by the mediation of human actions by autonomous processes, which leads, in the case when technical expertise is unable to identify the causer of harm, to a “responsibility gap” is an undesirable legal phenomenon in which the imposition of responsibility for harm caused by the use of AI on a specific person (persons) for the rules of tort liability are impossible.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research used general scientific and special methods, including the historical method, methods of formal logic, analysis, synthesis, as well as systemic and comparative legal methods.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. To eliminate the “responsibility gap”, the article proposes a mechanism that allows to fill in the missing elements of a tort committed using AI when the error that led to harm cannot be attributed de lege lata to any participant in the life cycle of an AI system or application. The starting point for the development of this mechanism was the theory of “guidance control” over the use of AI. A legal understanding of the philosophical foundations of the theory of “guidance control” allows us to substantiate the general legal principle of allocating responsibility for harm caused by AI, according to which the legal responsibility is borne by the person obliged to exercise human control over the use of the AI system or application, unless other perpetrators are identified. This principle is gradually being accepted by the international legal doctrine, which is expressed in the designation of the need to control the use of AI in a number of international documents.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. Provided that the protocol to the Treaty on the EAEU enshrines the general legal principle of responsibility of the controlling person for harm caused by AI, it can acquire the significance of a regional international legal principle, and thereby become the basis for the formation of regulatory regulation in the EAEU of the distribution of responsibility for harm caused by AI. The proposed toolkit is convenient for legal consolidation through supranational legal regulation. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вред</kwd><kwd>причиненный искусственным интеллектом</kwd><kwd>разрыв ответственности</kwd><kwd>деликт</kwd><kwd>юридический состав</kwd><kwd>человеческий контроль за использованием ИИ</kwd><kwd>общеправовой принцип</kwd><kwd>принцип международного права</kwd><kwd>ЕАЭС</kwd><kwd>наднациональное правовое регулирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tort</kwd><kwd>harm caused by artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>responsibility gap</kwd><kwd>legal composition</kwd><kwd>human control over the use of AI</kwd><kwd>general legal principle</kwd><kwd>principle of international law</kwd><kwd>EAEU</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гражданское право. Учебник. 2000. В 2-х т. Т. 1. Под ред. Е.А. 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