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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2024-4-85-105</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2829</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КИБЕРПРОСТРАНСТВО И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CYBERSPACE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Путешествие в послезавтра»: регулирование киберопераций с использованием искусственного интеллекта в контексте применения силы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>“Journey Beyond Tomorrow”: Navigating Regulation of AI-Powered Cyber Operations in the Realm of the Use of Force</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-4462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Александровна Мартынова, преподаватель департамента международного права,факультет права</p><p>Мясницкая ул., д. 20, Москва, 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Martynova, Lecturer at the School of International Law, Faculty of Law20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eamartynova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мартынова Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мартынова Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Martynova E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2829">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2829</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Искусственный интеллект (далее – ИИ) может значительно укрепить системы информационной безопасности государств, а также послужить дополнительным техническим средством совершения злонамеренных действий в так называемом киберпространстве. Стремясь получить конкурентное преимущество в цифровой сфере, государства начали инвестировать в оборонительные и наступательные автономные кибервозможности для защиты своих интересов и сдерживания потенциальных противников, что подстегнуло рост числа межгосударственных киберопераций. Статья посвящена не только проблемам применения существующих норм международного права в ситуациях злонамеренного использования ИИ государствами, но и процессу интерпретации этих норм различными субъектами и через эту интерпретацию кристаллизации общего (или, по крайней мере, сближающегося) понимания их применимости. Таким образом, в данной работе рассматривается путь к пониманию того, как нормы международного права о применении силы действуют в отношении киберопераций с использованием ИИ.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Настоящее исследование основано на работах как российских, так и зарубежных специалистов в области права международной информационной безопасности, а также на анализе документов и материалов групп правительственных экспертов под эгидой Организации Объединенных Наций и  позиций государств. Помимо общенаучных методов (анализ, синтез, индукция и дедукция), в исследовании применяется теория транснационального правового процесса, которая рассматривает текущие дискуссии по соответствующим вопросам на различных площадках и в целом кооперацию различных акторов в  процессе формирования правил ответственного использования ИИ государствами посредством взаимодействия, толкования и интернализации интерпретированных правовых идей и практик во внутренние правовые системы.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Международные усилия по разработке универсального свода правил ответственного поведения государств в киберпространстве пока не увенчались успехом. Проанализированная история обсуждения допустимых действий государств в киберпространстве позволяет предположить, что дискуссия, посвященная ИИ, в обозримом будущем будет развиваться вне контекста разработки всеобъемлющего международного договора. Вместо этого правовой ландшафт применения ИИ, судя по всему, будет формироваться на основе инструментов «мягкого права» и инициатив частного сектора, что повлечет за собой фрагментацию толкования и практики государств.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Усложнение межгосударственных киберопераций технологиями ИИ поднимает дополнительные вопросы о действии международного права, в частности его норм о применении силы, в отношении киберинцидентов с использованием ИИ. Поскольку государства стремятся разработать и приобрести смертоносные автономные системы вооружений для поддержания стратегического паритета, что может дестабилизировать глобальную безопасность и повысить риск эскалации конфликтов, развертывание подобных систем и участие государств в кибероперациях с использованием ИИ способно привести к очередной гонке вооружений — на этот раз с применением ИИ. Это и другие политические и этические соображения говорят о целесообразности ограничения свободы действий государств в использовании ИИ. Однако на сегодняшний день стимулы для стран НАТО, Китая и России договориться о международном юридически обязательном документе, пресекающем использование ИИ в злонамеренных целях, представляются иллюзорными. Исходя из истории дискуссий о применении международного права в киберпространстве и разработке правил ответственного поведения государств, использующих информационно-коммуникационные технологии, можно предположить, что соответствующие дискуссии об ИИ, скорее всего, будут проходить вне рамок разработки международного договора. Таким образом, дальнейший анализ развития этого вопроса потребует изучения того, как транснациональные нормы, например те, что возникают из инструментов «мягкого права», практики государств и инициатив частного сектора, будут формировать международноправовой ландшафт применения ИИ. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Artificial intelligence (AI) can significantly strengthen cybersecurity systems of States, as well as serve an additional technical means for malicious actions in the so-called cyberspace. Recognizing this, States have started investing in defensive and offensive autonomous cyber capabilities to protect their interests and deter potential adversaries; this has further fuelled the increase in inter-State cyber operations as nations seek to gain a competitive edge in the digital realm. This paper focuses not only on the problems of applying existing norms of international law to situations of malicious use of AI by States, but also on the process of these norms’ interpretation by different actors and, through this interpretation, crystallization of a common (or at least converging) understanding of their applicability. More specifically, this paper examines the path to understanding of how the norms on the use of force apply to AI-enabled cyber operations.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The present study is based on the works of both Russian and foreign specialists on the law of international information security, as well as analysis of documents and materials of groups of governmental experts under the auspices of the United Nations and the positions of States. In addition to general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), the theory of transnational legal process is applied to this study, which considers ongoing discussions of relevant issues on various platforms, and, more generally, the interaction of various actors regarding the formation of a pool of rules for responsible use of AI by States through interaction, interpretation and internalization of the interpreted legal ideas and practices into the domestic legal systems.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The international efforts to develop a universal set of rules for responsible State behaviour in cyberspace have enjoyed rather modest success. The analysed history of cyber-related debate suggests that the AI-focused discussion for the foreseeable future will progress outside the area of developing a comprehensive treaty framework. Instead, the legal landscape of AI applications will appear to emerge from soft law instruments and private sector initiatives, which would lead to fragmentation of interpretation and State practice.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The complication of inter-State cyber operations by AI technology raises additional questions about the application of international law, in particular its norms on the use of force, to AI-powered cyber incidents. The deployment of lethal autonomous weapons systems and commitment of AI-powered cyber operations could potentially lead to another ‒ this time, AI ‒ arms race, as nations seek to develop and acquire these systems to maintain strategic parity. This could destabilize global security and increase the risk of conflict escalation. This and other political and ethical considerations argue in favor of limiting the discretion of States in the use of AI. However, to date, the incentives for NATO States, China and Russia to agree on an international binding instrument limiting the use of AI for malicious purposes appear illusory. One could argue that corresponding discussions on AI will probably take place outside of the development of an international treaty, given the historical debate surrounding the application of international law in cyberspace and the development of norms governing responsible States behaviour in the use of information and communication technologies. Further analysis of this development, thus, will require examining how transnational norms, such as those emerging from soft law instruments, customary practices, and private sector initiatives, will shape the international legal landscape of the AI application. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>присвоение поведения</kwd><kwd>кибероперации</kwd><kwd>киберпространство</kwd><kwd>применение силы</kwd><kwd>ответственность государства</kwd><kwd>транснациональный правовой процесс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>attribution</kwd><kwd>cyber operation</kwd><kwd>cyberspace</kwd><kwd>use of force</kwd><kwd>State responsibility</kwd><kwd>transnational legal process</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson K., Reisner D., Waxman M. 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