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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2024-2-65-78</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2794</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВО ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение механизмов принуждения к соблюдению принципа верховенства права в практике Европейского союза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Application of Enforcement Mechanisms for Compliance with the Principle of the Rule of Law in European Union Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9562-8340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Энтин</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Entin</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марк Львович Энтин</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, д. 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mark L. Entin</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">entinmark@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8578-9036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Биткина</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bitkina</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Сергеевна Биткина</p><p>Вернадского пр-т, д. 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Bitkina</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Ave., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katya-bitkina98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Энтин М.Л., Биткина Е.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Энтин М.Л., Биткина Е.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Entin M.L., Bitkina E.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2794">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2794</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Текущая стадия развития интеграционных процессов в рамках Европейского союза (ЕС) сопровождается столкновением между наднациональными интересами ЕС и национальными интересами отдельных государств – членов ЕС, которые выступают за построение национальной государственной и правовой системы в соответствии с собственными национальными представлениями. В целях приведения национальных подходов к наднациональным стандартам институтам ЕС потребовалось формирование механизмов принуждения, которые облачены в форму механизмов контроля над соблюдением господства права в отдельных государствах – членах ЕС. Одним из наиболее ярких примеров применения соответствующих механизмов стало принуждение Польши к соблюдению принципа господства права в его наднациональном понимании. Исследование польского опыта приобретает дополнительную актуальность в контексте того, что давление со стороны институтов ЕС способствовало смене правящей партии в Польше. На выборах в Сейм 2023 г. PiS проиграла и в декабре 2023 г. в Польше к власти пришло проевропейское правительство во главе с Д. Туском. Цель настоящей статьи состоит в том, чтобы на основе анализа практики применения механизмов принуждения к соблюдению принципа господства права (в понимании ЕС) в отношении Польши выявить ключевые аспекты эволюции, а также текущее состояние системы принуждения государств-членов к соблюдению основных ценностей ЕС.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. При проведении исследования был использован широкий круг наднациональных актов и официальных документов ЕС, связанных с применением по отношению к Польше механизмов принуждения к соблюдению принципа господства права. Также в качестве источника для анализа были использованы материалы правоприменительной практики Суда ЕС. Дополнительно были привлечены публикации в средствах массовой информации, официальные выступления и заявления польских и европейских политических деятелей. Были использованы общенаучные (анализ, синтез, индукция, дедукция, системный метод) и специальные научные методы, которые включают в себя: сравнительно-правовой метод, историко-правовой метод, метод анализа судебной практики, формально-юридический метод и др.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В статье осуществлен последовательный анализ ключевых механизмов принуждения Польши к соблюдению требований принципа господства права в его наднациональной трактовке, который многое объясняет в поляризации политических сил страны и периодически обостряющемся противостоянии Польши и институтов ЕС. Осуществлена оценка эффективности примененных механизмов.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЫВОДЫ. На основе анализа польского опыта сформулирован вывод о том, что в настоящее время в ЕС сформировался действенный финансово-бюджетный механизм принуждения государств-членов к соблюдению требований принципа господства права. Обосновано, что данный механизм сегодня включает в себя два ключевых элемента: общий (механизм обусловленности господством права мер по защите бюджета ЕС) и специальный (механизм обусловленности господством права предоставления финансирования из специального Фонда восстановления и устойчивости, сформированного в целях обеспечения постпандемийного восстановления в 2021–2027 гг.). Также в статье сделан вывод о неэффективности иных механизмов принуждения государств – членов ЕС к соблюдению принципа господства права в его наднациональном понимании. Так, низкой эффективностью отличаются: Рамочная процедура борьбы с системными угрозами господства права; Механизм устранения серьезного и устойчивого нарушения государством-членом ценностей ЕС; Механизм укрепления господства права; а также обжалование отдельных действий государств-членов в Суде ЕС.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The current stage of development of integration processes within the European Union is accompanied by a clash between European identity and the national identity of individual European Union (EU) member states, which advocate building a national state and legal system in accordance with their own national ideas. In order to bring national approaches to supranational standards, EU institutions required the invention of ever new enforcement mechanisms, which are clothed in the form of mechanisms for monitoring compliance with the rule of law in individual EU member states. One of the most striking examples of the use of appropriate mechanisms was forcing Poland to comply with the principle of the rule of law in its supranational understanding. The analysis of the Polish experience takes on additional relevance in the context of the fact that pressure from EU institutions contributed to a change in the ruling party in Poland. PiS lost in the 2023 Sejm elections and in December 2023 a pro-European government led by D. Tusk came to power in Poland. The purpose of this article is to, based on an analysis of the practice of applying mechanisms for enforcing the rule of law (as understood by the EU) in relation to Poland, to identify key aspects of the evolution, as well as the current state of the system of enforcing member states to comply with the core values of the EU.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. When conducting the study, a wide range of supranational acts and ofﬁcial EU documents related to the application of mechanisms for enforcing compliance with the rule of law in relation to Poland was used. Also, materials from the law enforcement practice of the EU Court of Justice were used as a source for analysis. Additionally, publications in the media, oﬃcial speeches and statements of Polish and European political ﬁgures were involved. General scientiﬁc (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, system method) and special scientiﬁc methods were used, which include: comparative legal method, historical legal method, method of analysis of judicial practice, formal legal method, etc.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The article provides a consistent analysis of the key mechanisms for forcing Poland to comply with the requirements of the rule of law in its supranational interpretation, which explains a lot in the polarization of the country's political forces and the periodically escalating confrontation between Warsaw and Brussels. The eﬀectiveness of the applied mechanisms was assessed.</p><p>DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. Based on an analysis of the Polish experience, the conclusion is formulated that currently the EU has formed an eﬀective ﬁnancial and budgetary mechanism for forcing member states to comply with the requirements of the rule of law. It is substantiated that this mechanism today includes two key elements: general (the mechanism of conditionality of the rule of law of measures to protect the EU budget) and special (the mechanism of conditionality of the rule of law of providing ﬁnancing from a special Recovery and Resilience Fund, formed to ensure post-pandemic recovery in 2021–2027). The article also concludes that other mechanisms for forcing EU member states to comply with the principle of the rule of law in its supranational understanding are ineﬀective. Thus, the following are characterized by low eﬀectiveness: Framework procedure for combating systemic threats to the rule of law; Mechanism for redressing a serious and persistent violation by a Member State of EU values; Mechanism for strengthening the rule of law; as well as appealing individual actions of member states to the EU Court of Justice.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>Польша</kwd><kwd>принцип господства права</kwd><kwd>основные ценности ЕС</kwd><kwd>рамочная процедура</kwd><kwd>системные угрозы</kwd><kwd>Суд ЕС</kwd><kwd>укрепление господства права</kwd><kwd>механизм обусловленности</kwd><kwd>восстановление и устойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>Poland</kwd><kwd>rule of law principle</kwd><kwd>EU core values</kwd><kwd>framework procedure</kwd><kwd>systemic threats</kwd><kwd>EU Court of Justice</kwd><kwd>strengthening the rule of law</kwd><kwd>conditionality mechanism</kwd><kwd>recovery and sustainability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильцова К.В. 2017. 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