<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2024-1-107-122</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2784</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ И НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительно-правовой анализ законодательства об информационных технологиях в России и Швеции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Legal Analysis of IT Legislation of Russia and Sweden</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4022-5279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллова</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillova</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елизавета Борисовна КИРИЛЛОВА, Атташе, магистр права</p><p>Гьёрвеллсгатан 31, 112 60 Стокгольм</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta B. KIRILLOVA, Attaché, MA International law</p><p>Gjörwellsgatan 31, 112 60 Stockholm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ebkirillova@mid.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Посольство Российской Федерации в Королевстве Швеция</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Kingdom of Sweden</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кириллова Е.Б., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кириллова Е.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirillova E.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2784">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2784</self-uri><abstract><sec><title> ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p> ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В статье представлен комплексный анализ нормативно-правовой базы, регулирующей область информационных технологий (далее – ИТ) в России и Швеции, проведена сравнительная оценка ключевых правовых инструментов, концепций и подходов к регулированию, включая ответственность за киберпреступления, процедуры лицензирования, практику стандартизации и безопасность критической информационной инфраструктуры. Кроме того, в статье рассматриваются роли и функции основных регулирующих органов в обеих странах.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Статья подготовлена на основе соответствующих правовых актов России и Швеции. Несмотря на наличие отдельных законов, полностью посвященных ИТ, некоторые положения можно найти в других видах правовых документов (например, в уголовных кодексах или постановлениях правительства). С помощью сравнительного подхода в исследовании очерчиваются рамки и полномочия государственных институтов, осуществляющих регулирование в сфере ИТ.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. И в России, и в Швеции наблюдается сходство в определении основных понятий, таких как критическая инфраструктура, что отражает общую проблематику, связанную, например, с вопросами безопасности. Основные законы в области ИТ содержат спектр ключевых терминов, включая, но не ограничиваясь, информационно-коммуникационной сетью / электронной сетью коммуникаций, оператором информационной системы, а также защитой информации / безопасностью сети и информационной системы. Хотя список ключевых определений может показаться довольно сходным, шведское законодательство, как правило, предлагает более широкие определения с целью охвата более общих областей в рамках ИТ, в то время как российские законодатели фокусируются на применении более конкретных терминов. Однако если в Швеции законодательство тесно связано с нормативной базой Европейского союза (далее – ЕС), то в России применяется более широкий подход, учитывающий новые технологические вызовы, такие как искусственный интеллект. В заключение следует отметить, что для эффективного регулирования ИТ необходимо найти баланс между согласованностью на международном уровне и возможностью адаптации на национальном, что позволит обеспечить высокий уровень кибербезопасности, стимулировать инновации и сохранить гибкость регулирования в динамичной цифровой среде.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Швеция делает ставку на внедрение нормативных актов ЕС, что имеет свои преимущества, такие как гармонизация, внедрение признанной на международном уровне практики, облегчение доступа на рынок и т. д. Однако такой подход может ограничить возможности страны по удовлетворению своих специфических потребностей и повлечь за собой дополнительное бремя, связанное с соблюдением директив ЕС. Более того, изменения в нормативных актах ЕС могут привести к необходимости обновления внутреннего законодательства, что потенциально может вызвать возникновение законодательных пробелов или коллизий, особенно в такой сфере, как ИТ. Сегодня, когда на повестке стоят искусственный интеллект и его риски, невозможно оставаться в стороне и ждать, пока международное сообщество договорится о применимом регулировании.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. This article provides a compre­hensive analysis of the regulatory frameworks govern­ing the information technology (IT) sector in both Russia and Sweden and encompasses a comparative assessment of key legal instruments, concepts, and regulatory approaches, including the responsibility for cybercrimes, licensing procedures, standardization practices, and the safety of critical informational in­frastructure. Additionally, this article examines the roles and functions of major governing authorities in both countries.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on relevant legal acts of Russia and Sweden. While there are certain specific laws focused entirely on the informational technologies, some provisions can be found in other types of legal documents (for example criminal codes or governmental regulations). Employ­ing a comparative approach, the study delineates the scope and authority of state institutions involved in the IT sphere.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. Both Russian and Sweden exhibit similarities when it comes to definition of es­sential concepts such as critical infrastructure, reflect shared concerns regarding for example security issues. Main laws in the area of information technology con­tain a spectrum of key terms, including but not limited to information and communication network / elec­tronic communication network, information system operator, and information protection / network and information system security. Although the list of key definitions may appear quite similar, the Swedish leg­islation tends to offer broader definitions with the in­tention of encompassing larger domains within IT technologies, while the Russian legislators focus on more specific terms. However, while Sweden aligns closely with European Union (EU) regulatory frame­work, Russia adopts a more expansive approach, ad­dressing emerging technological challenges such as AI. In conclusion, achieving effective IT regulation neces­sitates finding a balance between international con­sistency and national adaptability to ensure strong cybersecurity, foster innovation, and maintain regula­tory flexibility in a dynamic digital environment.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Sweden’s re­liance on implementing EU regulations has its benefits such as harmonisation, interoperability, adopting the internationally recognised practices, easier market ac­cess, etc. However, this approach may limit the coun­try's ability to meet its specific needs and may mean additional administrative burdens associated with compliance with EU directives. Moreover, changes in EU regulations could lead to a necessity to update do­mestic laws, potentially causing regulatory vacuum or legal collisions, especially in such sphere as the IT sec­tor. Nowadays, when for example the AI and its risks are on the daily agenda one can not look away and wait for the international community to agree on the applicable regulation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>IT-право</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>электронные коммуникации</kwd><kwd>критическая инфраструктура</kwd><kwd>законодательство Швеции</kwd><kwd>киберпреступления</kwd><kwd>безопасность сетей и информационных систем</kwd><kwd>регулирование информационных технологий</kwd><kwd>российское законодательство об информационной безопасности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>IT law</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>electronic communications</kwd><kwd>critical infrastructure</kwd><kwd>Swedish legislation</kwd><kwd>cybercrimes</kwd><kwd>Network and Information System Security</kwd><kwd>regulation of informational technologies</kwd><kwd>Russian laws on information security</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appelgren J., Zouave E. Regelverk och krav inom området industriella informations- och styrsystem. Stockholm: FOI. 2021. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appelgren J., Zouave E. Regelverk och krav inom området industriella informations- och styrsystem. Stockholm: FOI. 2021. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efremova М.А. Criminal Liability for Unlawful Impact on the Critical Information Infrastructure of the Rus­sian Federation. – Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. № 4 (50). P. 86–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efremova М.А. Criminal Liability for Unlawful Impact on the Critical Information Infrastructure of the Rus­sian Federation. – Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. № 4 (50). P. 86–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ekfeldt J. Om informationstekniskt bevis. Stockholm: Stockholms universitet. 2016. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ekfeldt J. Om informationstekniskt bevis. Stockholm: Stockholms universitet. 2016. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franke U. Cybersäkerhet för en uppkopplad ekonomi. Örebro universitet: Entreprenörskapsforum. 2020. (in Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franke U. Cybersäkerhet för en uppkopplad ekonomi. Örebro universitet: Entreprenörskapsforum. 2020. (in Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Information Security: Russia’s Approaches. Ed. by A.V. Krutskikh, E.S. Zinovieva. Moscow: MGIMO-Universitet Publ. 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Information Security: Russia’s Approaches. Ed. by A.V. Krutskikh, E.S. Zinovieva. Moscow: MGIMO-Universitet Publ. 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jonason P. The Use of the Internet, Social Media and Search Engines by Public Authorities in the Context of Administrative Investigations. – Scandinavian studies in law. 2018. № 65. P. 271–284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jonason P. The Use of the Internet, Social Media and Search Engines by Public Authorities in the Context of Administrative Investigations. – Scandinavian studies in law. 2018. № 65. P. 271–284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karzlen H., Granlund H., Wedlin M. Operationer i cyber­domänen. En inventering av svensk forskning. Stockholm: FOI. 2018. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karzlen H., Granlund H., Wedlin M. Operationer i cyber­domänen. En inventering av svensk forskning. Stockholm: FOI. 2018. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magnusson Sjöberg C. Rättsinformatik: juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället. Fjärde upplagan. Lund: Studentlitteratur. 2021. (in Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magnusson Sjöberg C. Rättsinformatik: juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället. Fjärde upplagan. Lund: Studentlitteratur. 2021. (in Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malmgren S. Legal tech för dataskydd: Kan teknik lösa de problem som tekniken skapat? – Dataskyddet 50 år – historia, aktuella problem och framtid. Ed. by D. Westman. Magnusson C. Sjöberg, Ö. Sören, D. Törngren, M. Brinnen. Stockholm: Stockholm University. 2023. P. 561–572. (in Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malmgren S. Legal tech för dataskydd: Kan teknik lösa de problem som tekniken skapat? – Dataskyddet 50 år – historia, aktuella problem och framtid. Ed. by D. Westman. Magnusson C. Sjöberg, Ö. Sören, D. Törngren, M. Brinnen. Stockholm: Stockholm University. 2023. P. 561–572. (in Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maunsbach U., Lindskoug P. Jurisdiction and Internet in Relation to Commercial Law Disputes in a European Context. – Scandinavian studies in law. 2010. Vol. 56. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law. P. 303–328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maunsbach U., Lindskoug P. Jurisdiction and Internet in Relation to Commercial Law Disputes in a European Context. – Scandinavian studies in law. 2010. Vol. 56. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law. P. 303–328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romashkina N.P., Markov A.S., Stefanovich D.V. Mezh­dunarodnaja bezopasnost', strategicheskaja stabil'nost' i informacionnye tehnologii [International Security, Stra­tegic Stability and Information Technologies]. Moscow: IMEMO, 2020. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romashkina N.P., Markov A.S., Stefanovich D.V. Mezh­dunarodnaja bezopasnost', strategicheskaja stabil'nost' i informacionnye tehnologii [International Security, Stra­tegic Stability and Information Technologies]. Moscow: IMEMO, 2020. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stenérus Dover A.-S., Bengtsson J., Olsson M. IT-inci­denter på statliga myndigheter. – Orsaker till utebliven rapportering. Stockholm: FOI. 2020. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stenérus Dover A.-S., Bengtsson J., Olsson M. IT-inci­denter på statliga myndigheter. – Orsaker till utebliven rapportering. Stockholm: FOI. 2020. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sukhomlin V.A. The International IT Standardization System, Its Role in the Development of the Information Industry and Its Operating Principles. – Sovremennye informacionnye tehnologii i ITobrazovanie [Modern Infor­mation Technologies and IT-Education]. 2022. Vol. 18 (2). P. 412– 440. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukhomlin V.A. The International IT Standardization System, Its Role in the Development of the Information Industry and Its Operating Principles. – Sovremennye informacionnye tehnologii i ITobrazovanie [Modern Infor­mation Technologies and IT-Education]. 2022. Vol. 18 (2). P. 412– 440. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sundberg C., Tressfeldt J. Contractual Liability when “Things Do Not Go As Planned”: A Practical Perspec­tive. – Nordic Yearbook of Law and Informatics. 2020– 2021. Stockholm. Law Faculty, Stockholm University. 2022. P. 207–221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sundberg C., Tressfeldt J. Contractual Liability when “Things Do Not Go As Planned”: A Practical Perspec­tive. – Nordic Yearbook of Law and Informatics. 2020– 2021. Stockholm. Law Faculty, Stockholm University. 2022. P. 207–221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trenta C. The Role of Taxation in the Context of the EU Collaborative Cybersecurity Framework. – Law and Sustainable Development: Swedish Perspectives. Ed. by E. Kristoffersson and M. Qandeel. Uppsala: Iustus förlag. 2021. P. 97–135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trenta C. The Role of Taxation in the Context of the EU Collaborative Cybersecurity Framework. – Law and Sustainable Development: Swedish Perspectives. Ed. by E. Kristoffersson and M. Qandeel. Uppsala: Iustus förlag. 2021. P. 97–135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vylegzhanin, A.N., Shtodina, D.D. Mezhdunarodno-pravovaja harakteristika regulirovanija onlajn-torgovli v SShA i ES [International legal characterization of e-commerce regulation in the US and the EU]. – Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Tomsk State University Journal]. 2022. Vol. 483. P. 227–239. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vylegzhanin, A.N., Shtodina, D.D. Mezhdunarodno-pravovaja harakteristika regulirovanija onlajn-torgovli v SShA i ES [International legal characterization of e-commerce regulation in the US and the EU]. – Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Tomsk State University Journal]. 2022. Vol. 483. P. 227–239. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wahlgren P. The Quest for Scientific Methods: Sociology of Law, Jurimetrics and Legal Informatics. – Combining the Legal and the Social in Sociology of Law: An Homage to Reza Banakar. Ed. by H. Hydén , R. Cotterrell , D. Nelken &amp; U. Schultz. Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2023. P. 227–238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wahlgren P. The Quest for Scientific Methods: Sociology of Law, Jurimetrics and Legal Informatics. – Combining the Legal and the Social in Sociology of Law: An Homage to Reza Banakar. Ed. by H. Hydén , R. Cotterrell , D. Nelken &amp; U. Schultz. Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2023. P. 227–238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wendleby, M. Lagkommentar till NIS-lagen. Stockholm: JP Juridiskt bibliotek. 2022. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wendleby, M. Lagkommentar till NIS-lagen. Stockholm: JP Juridiskt bibliotek. 2022. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wennerström E.O. Informations- och cybersäkerhet i Sver­ige. Strategi och åtgärder för säker information i staten. Betänkande av NISU 2014. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wennerström E.O. Informations- och cybersäkerhet i Sver­ige. Strategi och åtgärder för säker information i staten. Betänkande av NISU 2014. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Westman D. Sociala medier – yttrandefrihet och Ans­var.– Ord och rätt: Festskrift till Hans-Gunnar Axberger. Ed. by A. Skarhed, J. Hirschfeldt, M. Ruotsi, D. Westman, S.Carlsson, Visby: eddy.se. 2020. P. 675–704. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Westman D. Sociala medier – yttrandefrihet och Ans­var.– Ord och rätt: Festskrift till Hans-Gunnar Axberger. Ed. by A. Skarhed, J. Hirschfeldt, M. Ruotsi, D. Westman, S.Carlsson, Visby: eddy.se. 2020. P. 675–704. (In Swedish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
