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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2024-1-6-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2778</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПРАВА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Односторонние санкции в соответствии с международным правом и эффективность блокирования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Unilateral Sanctions under International Law and Effectiveness of Blocking</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-3473</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боклан</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boklan</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дарья Сергеевна БОКЛАН, доктор юридических наук, профессор, заместитель руководителя департамента международного права, заведующий научно-учебной лабораторией исследований в области защиты государственных интересов в условиях экономических санкций, заместитель главного редактора «Журнал ВШЭ по международному праву», факультет права</p><p>Мясницкая ул., д. 20, Москва, 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria S. BOKLAN,Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, Deputy Head of the School of International Law, Head of the Laboratory for the Study of Public Interest Protection under Economic Sanctions, Deputy editor-in-chief of the HSE University Journal of International Law, Faculty of Law</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya st., Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dboklan@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7847-7498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваль</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koval</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Вячеславович КОВАЛЬ, студент 2 курса единого трека «магистратура-аспирантура», факультет права</p><p>Мясницкая ул., д. 20, Москва, 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav V. KOVAL, Student of the 2nd year of the combined Master’s-PhD track, Faculty of Law</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya st., Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koval_vladislav@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University “Higher School of Economics”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Боклан Д.С., Коваль В.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Боклан Д.С., Коваль В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boklan D.S., Koval V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2778">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2778</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В статье представлен анализ современного международно-правового подхода к односторонним санкциям. Сделан вклад в развивающуюся дискуссию о квалификации односторонних санкций в соответствии с международным правом.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Настоящее исследование опирается на работы как российских, так и зарубежных специалистов в области международного экономического права, а также на анализ документов и материалов международных организаций (Организации Объединенных Наций (далее – ООН), Всемирной торговой организации (далее – ВТО) и др.) с целью оценки соответствия односторонних санкций нормам международного права. В представленном исследовании использовались общенаучные методы познания (анализ, синтез, индукция и дедукция), специально-юридические методы (формально-юридический, технико-юридический, метод юридической аналогии) и сравнительно-правовой метод.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Представленный анализ показал, что широко используемый термин «односторонние санкции» приводит к злоупотреблению и неправомерному использованию такого международно-правового понятия, как «санкции». Анализ совместимости односторонних санкций с другими видами мер принуждения, такими как контрмеры, санкции Совета Безопасности ООН, реторсии и репрессалии, выявил, что односторонние санкции не подпадают под определение данных мер. Кроме того, односторонние санкции не должны оправдываться исключениями по соображениям безопасности, действующим в рамках ВТО. Использование экстерриториальных односторонних санкций противоречит одному из основополагающих принципов международного права – принципу невмешательства во внутренние дела. Существующие механизмы блокирования односторонних санкций недостаточно эффективны, чтобы компенсировать негативный эффект от односторонних санкций.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Авторы пришли к выводу, что односторонние санкции в большинстве случаев не удовлетворяют совокупным критериям легитимной контрмеры . Односторонние санкции не эквивалентны санкциям Совета Безопасности ООН, так как в процессе принятия решений отсутствует система «сдержек и противовесов» в виде определения степени угрозы миру и безопасности и учета гуманитарных исключений. Несмотря на то, что между односторонними санкциями и реторсиями или репрессалиями есть определенная взаимосвязь, реторсии и репрессалии должны соответствовать критериям законности и пропорциональности, в то время как односторонние санкции вводятся по усмотрению государства без каких-либо критериев. Кроме того, авторы утверждают, что во избежание злоупотреблений при использовании исключений по соображениям безопасности, действующим в рамках ВТО, третейские группы должны опираться на сбалансированный подход, использованный в деле Россия – Транзит. Этот подход показывает, что контекст исключений по соображениям безопасности следует понимать как охватывающий только военные и тесно связанные с ними вопросы и не распространять его на политические, экономические, культурные или любые другие интересы и отношения. Существующие блокирующие механизмы односторонних санкций требуют отдельной квалификации в рамках международного права, включая совместимость с легитимными контрмерами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. This article discusses modern international legal concept of unilateral sanctions. The authors contribute to the emerging discussion on the qualifying of unilateral sanctions under international law.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this study we took into account the works of both Russian and foreign scholars in the field of international economic law, as well as analyzed documents and materials of international organizations (United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO) and others) in order to assess the compatibility of unilateral sanctions with international law. General scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction), special legal methods (formal-legal, technical-legal, method of legal analogy) and comparative legal method were used in the presented research.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. Presented analysis has shown that widely used term “unilateral sanctions” leads to abusive and inappropriate use of international legal term. Analysis of compatibility of unilateral sanctions with other types of coercive measures such as countermeasures, UN Security Council sanctions, retortions, reprisals have shown that unilateral sanctions do not fall under the meaning of all mentioned measures. In addition, unilateral sanctions should not be justified under the WTO security exceptions. The use of extraterritorial unilateral sanctions contradicts one of the fundamental principles of international law – principle of non-interference in internal affairs. Existing blocking unilateral sanctions mechanisms are not efficient enough to compensate negative effect posed by unilateral sanctions.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Authors concluded that unilateral sanctions in most of the cases do not satisfy cumulative criteria of legitimate countermeasure. Unilateral sanctions are not equivalent to the United Nation Security Council sanctions, as there are no “checks and balances” in the decision-making process in the form of determining the degree of threat to peace and security and taking into account humanitarian exceptions. Although there is some correlation between unilateral sanctions and retortions or reprisals, retortions and reprisals posses criteria of legality and proportionality, while, unilateral sanctions are introduced at the state’s discretion without any standard. Furthermore, the authors argue that to avoid abusive use of the WTO security exceptions WTO panels have to rely on the well-balanced approach used by the Panel in Russia – Transit case. This approach shows that the context of security exception should be understood as encompassing only military and closely related to military issues and does not cover political, economic, cultural or any other interests and relations. Existing blocking mechanisms of unilateral sanctions require separate qualification under international law including compatibility with the legitimate countermeasures.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>принудительные меры</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>экстерриториальность</kwd><kwd>контрмеры</kwd><kwd>реторсии</kwd><kwd>невмешательство во внутренние  дела</kwd><kwd>законодательство о блокировке</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coercive measures</kwd><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>extra-territoriality</kwd><kwd>countermeasures</kwd><kwd>retorsions</kwd><kwd>non-interference in internal affairs</kwd><kwd>blocking law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdullin A., Keshner М. 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