mgimolawМосковский журнал международного праваMoscow Journal of International Law0869-00492619-0893Moscow State Institute of International Relations10.24833/0869-0049-2023-3-29-40mgimolaw-2751Research ArticleПРАВО И ПОЛИТИКАLAW AND POLITICSРоль случайного в становлении международного праваRole of Contingency in Formation of International Lawhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0593-3101МагомедоваО. С.MagomedovaО. S.

Ольга Сергеевна Магомедова, кандидат юридических наук, аналитик Центра ответственного ведения бизнеса

119285, Москва, Воробьевское шоссе, д. 6А

Olga S. Magomedova, Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Researcher of the Center of Responsible Business Conduct

6a, Vorobiyovskoye  shosse,  Moscow, 119285

olga.magomedova.96@mail.ruВсероссийская академия внешней торговли Министерства экономического развития Российской ФедерацииРоссияRussian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry for the Economic Development of the Russian FederationRussian Federation202329102023032940Copyright © Магомедова О.С., 20232023Магомедова О.С.Magomedova О.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2751ВВЕДЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Группа зарубежных ученых-международников недавно опубликовала коллективную монографию по тематике вероятности в международном праве – «Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories». [Contingency in International Law…2021]. Исходным пунктом данной работы является вопрос, почему международное право такое, каким мы его знаем сейчас, и могло ли оно быть другим. Обращение к проблеме возможностей альтернативных путей развития истории международного права ставит под вопрос неизбежность развития международного права в современное состояние и требует исследования взаимосвязи между значением самого международного права, историческим контекстом и волей субъектов, участвующих в становлении международного права.

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Материалом исследования послужила коллективная моногра

фия «Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories» («Вероятность в международном праве: о возможности иных историй права») под редакцией И. Венцке и К. Дж. Хеллера. Исследование идей, изложенных авторами монографии, проведено с использованием общенаучных методов и частных юридических методов, как историко-правовой подход.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Для развития отечественных международно-правовых исследований в области теории международного права иногда нужен интеллектуальный импульс, смелая постановка вопросов, идущих вразрез с доминирующими теоретическими установками. В этом отношении вопрос о возможности совершенно отличных путей развития содержания международного права ввиду самых различных факторов может быть триггером для обновления позитивистских установок в российской теории международного права.  Задача пересмотра направляющий тезисов не требует отказа от сложившихся правовых позиций, но, напротив, необходимость плодотворного осмысления традиционных убеждений. Данное предположение иллюстрируется концепцией международно-правовой политики государства, которая исходит из положений классической теории согласования воль, и вместе с тем делает ряд допущений или пояснений, позволяющих отвечать на вопросы о вероятности становления международно-правовых норм тем или иным образом. На основе материалов книги под редакцией И. Венцке и К. Дж. Хеллер исследуются вопросы   о    роли    случайного    и    закономерного в определении содержания международного права, о значении контекста в создании и развитии норм международного права, о месте волевых решений и роли случайных и внеправовых факторов в положениях концепции международно-правовой политики.

ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ

ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. В отличие от теории согласования воль, стоящей на строгих позитивистских основаниях, концепция международно-правовой политики государства подтверждает влияние внеправовых факторов на ход развития международно-правовой аргументации государств. Например, проблема контекста имеет большое значение в определении возможности легитимации тех или иных международно-правовых позиций государства. Сами по себе доводы государств со ссылками на нормы международного права остаются бесплодными вне актуального контекста (включая настоящее содержание международного права, состояние международных отношений, темы в международной повестке). Это связано с тем, что легитимируемые правовые нормы фиксируют текущие результаты согласования воль среди государств, достижимость которых зависит от комплекса правовых и внеправовых факторов. Но также важно понимать пределы допущений о влиянии тех или иных факторов на содержание международного права. Так, с одной стороны, не следует преувеличивать роль контекста, поскольку международное право не может поддаваться конъюнктуре, а развивается последовательно. В то же время при исследовании международно-правовых политик государств следует избегать склонности к ложному детерминизму в оценке их развития ввиду риска ошибочного выделения стратегической линии международно-правовой аргументации государства при пренебрежении фактами, не соответствующие данной линии. Таким образом, вопросы, предлагающие неожиданные ракурсы на казалось бы решенные задачи, позволяют развивать устойчивые доктринальные представления в новом русле. Но вместе с тем необходимо учитывать методологические пределы новых допущений для последовательного развития современной отечественной науки международного права.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A group of foreign international scholars has recently published a collective monograph – “Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories” [Contingency in International Law…2021]. The starting point of this work is the question why international law is as we know it today, and whether it could be different. The problem of possible alternative ways for development of international law calls challenges the necessity of the current state of international law and urges to research the interrelation among the power of international law itself, historical context and wills of subjects involved in international law-creating.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research material for the present article is the collective monograph “Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories” edited by I. Venzke and K.J. Heller. The study of the presented ideas is based on general scientific methods and private legal methods, as the historical and legal approach.

RESEARCH RESULTS

RESEARCH RESULTS. The development of a national international legal scholarship of the theory of international law sometimes needs an intellectual impulse, a bold statement of questions that challenge the dominant theoretical principles. In this regard, the question on the possibility of different ways of developing international law due to a variety of factors, could be a trigger for rethinking positivist attitudes in the Russian theory of international law. The intention in revising the classical theses does not imply rejection of established legal positions, but, on the contrary, it necessitates fruitful reflections on traditional tenets. This assumption is illustrated with the concept of the international legal policy of the state, which originates from the classical theory of coordination of wills, and at the same time makes a number of assumptions or explanations which could answer questions about contingencies in formation of international legal norms. Relying on the materials of the book edited by I. Venzke and K.J. Heller the article provides outlook on questions about chance and regularities in determining the content of international law, about role of context in the creation and development of international law, about the sovereign wills and role of contingencies and extra-legal factors in the concept of international legal policy.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In contrast to the theory of coordination of wills, which is based on strict positivist grounds, the concept of the international legal policy of State assumes influence of extra-legal factors for arrangement of international legal argumentation of States. For example, the problem of context is of great importance in determining the possibility of legitimizing certain international legal positions of State. The arguments of States as such with references to norms of international law remain fruitless outside certain context (including present content of international law, current state of international relations, topics on the international agenda). This is because legitimated legal norms fix the current results of coordination of wills among States, which depend on interaction of legal and nonlegal factors. But it is also important to understand limits of assumptions about impact of certain factors on the content of international law. So, on the one hand, the role of context should not be overestimated, since international law does not succumb to conjuncture, but develops consistently. At the same time, by studying international legal policies of States, one should avoid false determinism. It poses the risk to trace a wrong strategic line of State's legal arguments with over-shadowing ‘irrelevant’ facts. Thus, questions that open perspectives on seemingly solved problems make it possible to develop established doctrinal ideas in a new direction. However, it is necessary to take into account methodological limits of new assumptions for consistent development of contemporary national discipline of international law.

 

 

суверенная воляальтернативная историясогласование вольмеждународно-правовая политикалегитимациямеждународно-правовые доводыконтекстsovereign willcounterfactualscoordination of willsinternational legal policylegitimationinternational legal argumentscontextReferencesAl Attar M. Subverting Eurocentric Epistemology: The Value of Nonsense When Designing Counterfactuals. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 145-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0009Al Attar M. Subverting Eurocentric Epistemology: The Value of Nonsense When Designing Counterfactuals. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 145-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0009Carty A. Critical International Law: Recent Trends in the Theory of International Law. – European Journal of International Law. 1991. Vol. 2. Issue 1. P. 66–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/2.1.66Carty A. Critical International Law: Recent Trends in the Theory of International Law. – European Journal of International Law. 1991. Vol. 2. Issue 1. P. 66–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/2.1.66Cohen F. Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach. – Columbia Law Review. 1935. No. 35. P. 809- 849.Cohen F. Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach. – Columbia Law Review. 1935. No. 35. P. 809- 849.Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. 576 p.Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. 576 p.Craven M. Theorizing the Turn to History in International Law. – The Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law. Ed. by A. Orford, F. Hoffmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. P. 21-37.Craven M. Theorizing the Turn to History in International Law. – The Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law. Ed. by A. Orford, F. Hoffmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. P. 21-37.Crow K. Bandung’s Fate in Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021.. P. 441-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0026Crow K. Bandung’s Fate in Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021.. P. 441-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0026Delbrück J. Max Huber's Sociological Approach to International Law Revisited. – European Journal of International Law. 2007. Vol. 18. Issue 1. P. 97–113.Delbrück J. Max Huber's Sociological Approach to International Law Revisited. – European Journal of International Law. 2007. Vol. 18. Issue 1. P. 97–113.Desautels-Stein J. The Realist and the Visionary: Property, Sovereignty, and the Problem of Social Change. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 77-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0005Desautels-Stein J. The Realist and the Visionary: Property, Sovereignty, and the Problem of Social Change. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 77-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0005Dos Reis F. Contingencies in International Legal Histories: Origins and Observers. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 111-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0007Dos Reis F. Contingencies in International Legal Histories: Origins and Observers. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 111-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0007El Boudouhi S. Barcelona Traction Re-Imagined : The ICJ as a World Court for Foreign Investment Cases?. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 404-423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0024El Boudouhi S. Barcelona Traction Re-Imagined : The ICJ as a World Court for Foreign Investment Cases?. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 404-423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0024Elferink A.O. What If the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea had Enteredinto Force Unamended: Business as Usual or Dystopia?. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 215-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0013Elferink A.O. What If the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea had Enteredinto Force Unamended: Business as Usual or Dystopia?. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 215-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0013Evans R.J. Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History. New York: Little, Brown. 2014. 176 p.Evans R.J. Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History. New York: Little, Brown. 2014. 176 p.Gordon G. The Time of Contingency in International Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 162-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0010Gordon G. The Time of Contingency in International Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 162-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0010Hughes D. How States Persuade: An Account of International Legal Argument Upon the Use of Force. – Georgetown Journal of International Law. 2019. Vol. 50. P. 839- 946.Hughes D. How States Persuade: An Account of International Legal Argument Upon the Use of Force. – Georgetown Journal of International Law. 2019. Vol. 50. P. 839- 946.Hurd I. Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics. – International Organization. 1999. Vol. 53. P. 379– 408.Hurd I. Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics. – International Organization. 1999. Vol. 53. P. 379– 408.Jessop B. The State: Past, Present, Future. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2015. 316 p.Jessop B. The State: Past, Present, Future. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2015. 316 p.Johns F. [et al.]. Introduction – Events: the Force of International Law. Ed. by F. Johns, R. Joyce, S. Pahuja. Abingdon: Routledge. 2011. 312 p.Johns F. [et al.]. Introduction – Events: the Force of International Law. Ed. by F. Johns, R. Joyce, S. Pahuja. Abingdon: Routledge. 2011. 312 p.Johns F. On Dead Circuits and Non-Events. P. 25-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0002Johns F. On Dead Circuits and Non-Events. P. 25-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0002Kelsall M.S. ‘Poisonous Flowers on the Dust-heap of a Dying Capitalism’: The United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations, Contingency and Failure in International Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 461-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0027Kelsall M.S. ‘Poisonous Flowers on the Dust-heap of a Dying Capitalism’: The United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations, Contingency and Failure in International Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 461-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0027Kolb R. Réflexions sur les politiques juridiques extérieures. Paris : Pedone. 2015. 138 p.Kolb R. Réflexions sur les politiques juridiques extérieures. Paris : Pedone. 2015. 138 p.Kolla E. Contravention and Creation of Law during the French Revolution. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 481-495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0028Kolla E. Contravention and Creation of Law during the French Revolution. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 481-495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0028Kolodkin R.A. Аragmentatsiya mezhdunarodnogo prava [Fragmentation of International Law]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2005. No. 2. P. 38-61. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2005-2-38-61Kolodkin R.A. Аragmentatsiya mezhdunarodnogo prava [Fragmentation of International Law]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2005. No. 2. P. 38-61. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2005-2-38-61Koskenniemi M. From Apology To Utopia: The Structure Of International Legal Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. 704 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493713Koskenniemi M. From Apology To Utopia: The Structure Of International Legal Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. 704 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493713Koskenniemi M. Histories of International Law: Significance and Problems for a Critical View. – Temple International & Comparative Law Journal. 2013. Vol. 27. P. 215- 240.Koskenniemi M. Histories of International Law: Significance and Problems for a Critical View. – Temple International & Comparative Law Journal. 2013. Vol. 27. P. 215- 240.Lacharrière G. L. La politique juridique extérieure. Paris : Economica.1983. 236 p.Lacharrière G. L. La politique juridique extérieure. Paris : Economica.1983. 236 p.Mackinnon E.S. Contingencies of Context: Legacies of the Algerian Revolution in the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions Mackinnon. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 479-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0019Mackinnon E.S. Contingencies of Context: Legacies of the Algerian Revolution in the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions Mackinnon. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 479-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0019Maganza B. Unveiling Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions: Contingency, Necessity, and Possibility in International Humanitarian Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 336-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0020Maganza B. Unveiling Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions: Contingency, Necessity, and Possibility in International Humanitarian Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 336-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0020Mälksoo L. International Law in Russian Textbooks: What’s in the Doctrinal Pluralism?. – Göttingen Journal of International Law. 2009. Vol. 1. P. 279-290.Mälksoo L. International Law in Russian Textbooks: What’s in the Doctrinal Pluralism?. – Göttingen Journal of International Law. 2009. Vol. 1. P. 279-290.Mälksoo L. Russian Approaches to International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017. 240 p.Mälksoo L. Russian Approaches to International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017. 240 p.Marks S. False Contingency. – Current Legal Problems. 2009. Vol. 62. Issue 1. P. 1-21. DOI:10.1093/clp/62.1.1Marks S. False Contingency. – Current Legal Problems. 2009. Vol. 62. Issue 1. P. 1-21. DOI:10.1093/clp/62.1.1Martens F.F. vremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo tsivilizovannykh narodov. T.1 [Modern International Law of Civilized Nations]. Saint-Petersburg. 1898. 464 p. (in Russ.)Martens F.F. vremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo tsivilizovannykh narodov. T.1 [Modern International Law of Civilized Nations]. Saint-Petersburg. 1898. 464 p. (in Russ.)Moyn S. From Situated Freedom to Plausible Worlds. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 515-524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0030Moyn S. From Situated Freedom to Plausible Worlds. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 515-524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0030Nijman J. An Enlarged Sense of Possibility for International Law: Seeking change by Doing History. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 92-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0006Nijman J. An Enlarged Sense of Possibility for International Law: Seeking change by Doing History. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 92-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0006Oppenheim L. The Science of International Law: its task and method. – American Journal of International Law. 1908. Vol. 2. P. 313-356.Oppenheim L. The Science of International Law: its task and method. – American Journal of International Law. 1908. Vol. 2. P. 313-356.Ostřanský J. From a Fortuitous Transplant to a Fundamental Principle of Law? The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectations and the Possibilities of a Different Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 424-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0025Ostřanský J. From a Fortuitous Transplant to a Fundamental Principle of Law? The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectations and the Possibilities of a Different Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 424-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0025Özsu U. The Necessity of Contingency: Method and Marxism in International Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 60-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0004Özsu U. The Necessity of Contingency: Method and Marxism in International Law. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 60-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0004Painter G.R. Contingency in International Legal History: Why now?. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 44-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0003Painter G.R. Contingency in International Legal History: Why now?. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 44-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0003Pottage A. Power as an Art of Contingency: Luhmann, Deleuze, Foucault. – Economy and Society. 1998. Vol. 27. Issue 1. P. 1-27. DOI: 10.1080/03085149800000001Pottage A. Power as an Art of Contingency: Luhmann, Deleuze, Foucault. – Economy and Society. 1998. Vol. 27. Issue 1. P. 1-27. DOI: 10.1080/03085149800000001Rad’ko T.N., Medvedeva N.T. Pozitivizm kak nauchnoe nasledie i perspektiva razvitiya prava Rossii. [Positivism as a scientific heritage and perspective for development of law in Russia]. – Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2005. No. 3. P. 5-12. (In Russ.)Rad’ko T.N., Medvedeva N.T. Pozitivizm kak nauchnoe nasledie i perspektiva razvitiya prava Rossii. [Positivism as a scientific heritage and perspective for development of law in Russia]. – Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2005. No. 3. P. 5-12. (In Russ.)Shestakova K.D., Vissenberg A.S. Evolyutsiya diskursa o fragmentatsii mezhdunarodnogo prava [The Evolution of Discourse on Fragmentation of International Law]. – Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2020. No. 1. P. 29-49. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25136/2644-5514.2020.1.29871Shestakova K.D., Vissenberg A.S. Evolyutsiya diskursa o fragmentatsii mezhdunarodnogo prava [The Evolution of Discourse on Fragmentation of International Law]. – Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2020. No. 1. P. 29-49. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25136/2644-5514.2020.1.29871Shugurov M. Perspektivy razvitiya kontseptsii mezhdunarodno-pravovoi politiki [Perspectives of development of conception of international law policy]. – Rossiiskii zhurnal pravovykh issledovanii. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 63- 72. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS18024Shugurov M. Perspektivy razvitiya kontseptsii mezhdunarodno-pravovoi politiki [Perspectives of development of conception of international law policy]. – Rossiiskii zhurnal pravovykh issledovanii. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 63- 72. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS18024Skinner Q. Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas. – Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics. Ed. by James Tully. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1988. P. 3-53.Skinner Q. Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas. – Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics. Ed. by James Tully. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1988. P. 3-53.Szabla C. Contingent Movements? The Differential Decolonisations of International Refugee and Migration Law and Governance. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 199-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0012Szabla C. Contingent Movements? The Differential Decolonisations of International Refugee and Migration Law and Governance. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 199-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0012Tedeschini M. Historical Base and Legal Superstructure. Reading Contingency and Necessity in the Tadić Case. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 129-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0008Tedeschini M. Historical Base and Legal Superstructure. Reading Contingency and Necessity in the Tadić Case. – Contingency in International Law: on the possibility of different legal histories. Ed. by I. Venzke, K. J. Heller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. P. 129-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898036.003.0008Tolstykh V.L. Оcherk sovremennogo sostoyaniya rossiiskoi doktriny mezhdunarodnogo prava [The current state of the Russian doctrine of international law: an essay]. – Elektronnoe prilozhenie k “Rossiiskomu yuridicheskomu zhurnalu”. 2016. No. 3. P. 50-58. (In Russ.)Tolstykh V.L. Оcherk sovremennogo sostoyaniya rossiiskoi doktriny mezhdunarodnogo prava [The current state of the Russian doctrine of international law: an essay]. – Elektronnoe prilozhenie k “Rossiiskomu yuridicheskomu zhurnalu”. 2016. No. 3. P. 50-58. (In Russ.)Tunkin G.I. Mirnoe sosushchestvovanie i mezhdunarodnoe pravo [Coexistence and International Law]. – Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1956a. No. 7. P. 3-13. (In Russ.)Tunkin G.I. Mirnoe sosushchestvovanie i mezhdunarodnoe pravo [Coexistence and International Law]. – Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1956a. No. 7. P. 3-13. (In Russ.)Tunkin G. I. Osnovy sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava [Principles of Contemporary International Law]. Moscow. 1956b. 48 p. (In Russ.)Tunkin G. I. Osnovy sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo prava [Principles of Contemporary International Law]. Moscow. 1956b. 48 p. (In Russ.)Tunkin G. I. Teoriya mezhdunarodnogo prava [Theory of international law]. Moscow: Zertsalo Publ. 2006. 416 p. (In Russ.)Tunkin G. I. Teoriya mezhdunarodnogo prava [Theory of international law]. Moscow: Zertsalo Publ. 2006. 416 p. (In Russ.)Venzke I. International Law as an Argumentative Practice: On Wohlrapp’s Concept of Argument. – Transnational Legal Theory. 2016. Vol. 7. P. 9-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2016.1192357Venzke I. International Law as an Argumentative Practice: On Wohlrapp’s Concept of Argument. – Transnational Legal Theory. 2016. Vol. 7. P. 9-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2016.1192357Vylegzhanin A.N., Dudikina I.P. Ponyatie “mezhdunarodno-pravovaya politika gosudarstva” [The Politics of International Law as a Concept]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2016. No. 4. P. 21-37. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2016-4-21-37Vylegzhanin A.N., Dudikina I.P. Ponyatie “mezhdunarodno-pravovaya politika gosudarstva” [The Politics of International Law as a Concept]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2016. No. 4. P. 21-37. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2016-4-21-37

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.