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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2023-3-17-28</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2750</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПРАВА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Концепция и процесс формирования субъективного элемента обычной нормы (opinio juris) международного права</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concept and Process of Formation of the Subjective Element of the Customary Rule (opinion juris) of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0339-5521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драгиев</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dragiev</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Драгиев, профессор международного права, Юридический факультет</p><p>1504, София, бул. Царь Освободитель, д. 15 </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Draguiev, Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law</p><p>15, Tsar' Osvoboditel' bul., Sofia, 1504 </p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">al_dragiev@abv.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Софийский университет «Св. Кл. Охридски»</institution><country>Болгария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”</institution><country>Bulgaria</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Драгиев А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Драгиев А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dragiev A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2750">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2750</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Международное обычное право является старейшим источником международного права и на протяжении столетий являлось его основным источником. Но и в наше время сохраняется значение обычая в международном праве это другой вид его правовой нормы, наравне с международным договором. Основное различие между двумя нормами заключается в неписаной форме обычая, но он и договорные нормы имеют равную юридическую силу.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЬІ И МЕТОДЬІ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЬІ И МЕТОДЬІ. Документальной основой исследования являются международные договоры и международные обычаи, резолюции Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН, Статут Международного Суда ООН и его юриспруденция, доклады Ассоциации международного права. Доктринальной основой статьи являются труды ученых международного права. Методология исследования общенаучные и частно-научные методы познания.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЬІ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЬІ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Результаты исследования в статье касаются определения международно-правового обычая, а это формулировка его как применимого права в делах, рассматриваемых Международным Судом: «международный обычай, как доказательство всеобщей практики, признанной в качестве правовой норме» (Ст. 38, п. 1 «b» Статута Международного Суда ООН). Согласно этому определению, обычно-правовая норма содержит два элемента: объективный, называемый также материальным это практика государств, и субъективный убеждение государств в обязательности этой практики, т.е. право. Для обозначения субъективного элемента в международном праве установлено латинское выражение «opinio juris sive necessitatis» (мнение о праве или необходимости), а чаще всего субъективный элемент кратко именуется только «opinio juris». В результате исследования выявлено, что по своей сути opinio juris представляет собой волевое отношение к государственной практике. Воля государства имеет внешние формы проявления; эти формы не являются чем-то случайным и произвольным — они точно определены, общеизвестны и созданы государственной практикой: согласие, принятие, признание и убеждение государства.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЬІВОДЬІ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ И ВЬІВОДЬІ. Основные выводы исследования касаются вопроса формирования opinio juris. Процесс создания двух элементов обычая представляет собой интегральный процесс: он одновременно формирует практику государств, но и opinio juris относительно нее. Opinio juris не имеет самостоятельной стадии или процесса формирования,  а также не формируется после окончательного формирования практики обычно-правовой нормы, так сказать, формирование opinio juris не „ждет“ окончателного формирования практики; следователно формирование opinio juris не располагаться между стадией практики и возникновение самой обычной нормы. Поэтому объективный элемент обычной нормы — ее практика, и ее субъективный элемент — opinio juris, создаются вместе и во взаимодействии. Вывод, вытекащий из интегральности процесса состоит в том, что каждый акт соответствующей практики, такой же, как и предыдущий, но и как последующий, и таким образом способствует формированию убеждения в том, что это единственный, а потому обязательный способ выполнения практики. И наоборот, убеждение государств в том, что данная практика является обязательной, мотивирует их выполнять только эту практику.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Customary international law is the oldest source of International law and has been its main source for centuries. However, even in our time, the importance of custom in International law is preserved – besides and on par with international treaties; this is the other type of its legal norms. The main difference between the two kinds of norm is the unwritten form of custom, but customary and treaty norms have equal legal force.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The documentary basis of the study is international treaties and international customs, resolutions of the UN General Assembly, Statute of the International Court of Justice and its jurisprudence, reports of the International Law Association. The theoretical basis of the article is the works of scholars of international law. The methodological basis of the study is general and particular scientific methods of cognition.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The research in the article leads to a conclusion that comprises a definition of international custom, and this is the formulation of it as applicable law in cases before the International Court of Justice: “international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law” (Art. 38 (1) (b) of Statute of the Court). According to this definition, the customary legal rule contains two elements: objective, also material the practice of States, and subjective – the conviction of States that this practice is obligatory, i.e. law. It has been established in International law that the subjective element is termed by the Latin expression “opinio juris sive necessitates” (opinion of law or necessity), and most often the subjective element is briefly called only “opinio juris”. The research reveals as its result that by its nature opinio juris represents a conscious, intentional attitude towards State practice. The will of the State has external manifestations – the consent, acceptance, recognition and conviction of the State.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The main conclusions of the research relate to the question of the formation of opinio juris. This formation is a process that is integrated: it simultaneously forms the practice of States and the opinio juris towards it. Opinio juris does not have an autonomous stage or process of formation, nor is it formed only after the practice of the customary law rule has been completely formed. The conclusion from the integrated process is that each act of the relevant practice, which is the same as the previous one, but also as the next one, helps to form the belief that this is the only, and therefore obligatory, manner to perform the practice. Conversely, States' belief that a given practice is obligatory motivates them to perform only that practice.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>источники международного права</kwd><kwd>международный договор</kwd><kwd>международный обычай</kwd><kwd>обычные нормы международного права</kwd><kwd>элементы содержания обычной нормы</kwd><kwd>объективный элемент обычая</kwd><kwd>субъективный элемент обычая</kwd><kwd>практика государств</kwd><kwd>opinio juris sive necessitatis</kwd><kwd>Международный Суд ООН</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>International law</kwd><kwd>sources of International law</kwd><kwd>international treaty</kwd><kwd>international custom</kwd><kwd>customary rules of International law</kwd><kwd>elements of the customary rule</kwd><kwd>objective element</kwd><kwd>subjective element</kwd><kwd>State practice</kwd><kwd>opinio juris sive necessitatis</kwd><kwd>UN International Court of Justice</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А. 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