<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2023-2-77-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2744</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ БОРЬБЫ С ПРЕСТУПНОСТЬЮ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Попытка универсализации национальных юрисдикций:  международное уголовное правосудие и Россия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Attempt to Universalise Domestic Jurisdictions:  International Criminal Justice and Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7000-7190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Геррейро</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guerreiro</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Геррейро - ассоциированный член Института политико-правовых наук, Юридический факультет</p><p>1649-014, Лиссабон, Аламеда да Универсидад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandre Guerreiro - Associate Member of the Institute of Political Legal Sciences, School of Law </p><p>Alameda da Universidade, Lisbon, Portugal, 1649-014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">atguerreiro@campus.ul.pt</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лиссабонский университет</institution><country>Португалия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Lisbon </institution><country>Portugal</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Геррейро А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Геррейро А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Guerreiro A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2744">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2744</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. За последние два десятилетия блок западных стран усилил давление на Российскую Федерацию посредством попыток расширить зону своего влияния, равно как и вмешательство во внутренние дела государств Восточной Европы. Ответные шаги России на эти действия, воспринятые в качестве угрозы своим интересам, были встречены использованием всех доступных средств, включая механизмы международного уголовного правосудия. В данной статье предлагается проанализировать судебные разбирательства в Международном уголовном суде, инициированные в течение последнего десятилетия, с критических позиций рассмотреть возможность применения механизма национальных юрисдикций против российских граждан или украинских граждан, связанных с Россией, для целей оценки правомерности таких действий и предложить международно-правовые варианты решения возникающих в этом контексте вопросов.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В начале статьи содержится краткий обзор судебных разбирательств, инициированных в последнее десятилетие против Российской Федерации и лиц, предположительно связанных с российскими интересами, в рамках международного правосудия. В дальнейшем фокус исследования будет сосредоточен на аспектах международного уголовного правосудия, которые представляют интерес из-за их потенциального влияния на международный мир и безопасность. На основе рассмотренных ранее решений международных судебных органов и с учетом развития обычного права, четвертый раздел статьи посвящен деятельности Международного уголовного суда и попыткам западного блока расширить его юрисдикцию с целью увеличения давления на государства, находящихся вне сферы влияния западных стран. После исследования особенностей и потенциальных рисков применения принципа универсальной юрисдикции в последних двух разделах будут рассмотрены мирные средства разрешения международных споров, а также заключительные выводы по основной теме данного исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Принимая во внимание нормы международного обычного права, имманентную природу договорного права и решения международных судебных органов, можно сделать вывод, что инициированная кампания против Российской Федерации в судебных органах, независимо от того, являются ли они органами национальной судебной системы или имеют международную природу, основанную на международных договорах, в большей степени может обострить напряженность между Россией и западным блоком, чем урегулировать какой-либо конкретный спор между ними.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Результаты, представленные в данной статье, показывают, что любая односторонняя попытка государства или группы государств проводить кампанию против третьих государств и лиц, не входящих в сферу действия ООН, с целью привлечения любого из них к ответственности сообразно ценностям и принципам определенной группы государств является неправомерной. Такое государство или группа государств могут урегулировать споры только с помощью вариантов, которые с меньшей вероятностью повысят степень угрозы международному миру и безопасности .</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Over the past two decades, the Western bloc has intensified pressure on Russian Federation through attempts to expand its area of influence as well as to interfere in the domestic affairs of Eastern Europe countries. Russia's response to what it perceives as a threat to its interests has been met with recourse to all available means, including international criminal justice. This paper proposes the identification of legal proceedings brought in the last decade before the International Criminal Court and critically examines the possibility of triggering domestic jurisdictions against Russian or Ukrainian citizens associated with Russia, in order to assess the legality of the ongoing actions and the solutions that international law presents.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. This paper first gives a brief overview of international justice cases started in the last decade against the Russian Federation and persons allegedly associated to Russian interests. It will then go on to focus the analysis exclusively on international criminal justice aspects, which are of interest because of the potential friction they may cause for international peace and security. Highlighting previous international courts decisions as well as the evolution of customary law, the fourth chapter is concerned with the activity of the International Criminal Court worldwide and the attempts made by the Western bloc to expand the jurisdiction of the Hague-based court in order to increase pressure over countries out of Western countries sphere of influence. After an inroad into the particular features and dangers of the principle of universal jurisdiction, the last two sections will explore the peaceful means to settle international disputes as well as the final thoughts on the main focus of this study.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. Having in mind customary international law, the inherent nature of treaty law and decisions derived from international judicial bodies, campaigns launched against the Russian Federation before criminal courts, regardless of whether they are national courts or they have an international mandate resulting from international treaties, are more able to aggravate the tension between Russia and the Western bloc than to settle any specific dispute between these two sides.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The results in this paper indicate that any unilateral attempt developed by a State or a group of States to pursue a campaign against third States and persons outside the UN environment in order to bring any of them to face justice under a specific group of States’ values and principles is deemed unlawful. Therefore, such State or group of States are only able to settle disputes through options that are less likely to increase the level of threat against international peace and security.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Международный уголовный суд</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Украина</kwd><kwd>международное обычное  право</kwd><kwd>Римский статут</kwd><kwd>преступления</kwd><kwd>нарушающие нормы jus cogens</kwd><kwd>принцип универсального  правосудия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international criminal court</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>Ukraine</kwd><kwd>customary international law</kwd><kwd>Rome Statute</kwd><kwd>jus cogens crimes</kwd><kwd>principle of universal justice</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ambos K. Treatise on International Criminal Law. Vol. II: The Crimes and Sentencing.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. 448 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ambos K. Treatise on International Criminal Law. Vol. II: The Crimes and Sentencing.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. 448 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baptista E.C. Direito Internacional Público. Vol. 1.: Conceito e Fontes. Lisbon: AAFDL. 1998. 626 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baptista E.C. Direito Internacional Público. Vol. 1.: Conceito e Fontes. Lisbon: AAFDL. 1998. 626 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baptista E.C. Ius Cogens em Direito Internacional. Lisbon: Lex. 1997.604 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baptista E.C. Ius Cogens em Direito Internacional. Lisbon: Lex. 1997.604 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassiouni M.C. International Criminal Law. Vol. I.: Sources, Subjects, and Contents 3rd ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2008. 1126 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassiouni M.C. International Criminal Law. Vol. I.: Sources, Subjects, and Contents 3rd ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2008. 1126 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassiouni M.C. Introduction to International Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2013. 1260 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassiouni M.C. Introduction to International Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2013. 1260 P.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassiouni M.C. The ICC’s Twelfth Anniversary Crisis: Growing Pains or Institutional Deficiency?. – Promoting Accountability under International Law for Gross Human Rights Violations in Africa – Essays in Honor of Prosecutor Hassan Bubacar Jallow. Ed. by. C.C. Jalloh, A.B.M. Marong. Leiden; Boston: Brill; Nijhoff. 2015. P. 91- 102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004271753_009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassiouni M.C. The ICC’s Twelfth Anniversary Crisis: Growing Pains or Institutional Deficiency?. – Promoting Accountability under International Law for Gross Human Rights Violations in Africa – Essays in Honor of Prosecutor Hassan Bubacar Jallow. Ed. by. C.C. Jalloh, A.B.M. Marong. Leiden; Boston: Brill; Nijhoff. 2015. P. 91- 102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004271753_009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benavides L. The Universal Jurisdiction Principle: Nature and Scope. – Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. 2001. Vol. I. P. 19-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benavides L. The Universal Jurisdiction Principle: Nature and Scope. – Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. 2001. Vol. I. P. 19-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bloxham D. Beyond ‘Realism’ and Legalism: A Historical Perspective on the Limits of International Humanitarian Law – European Review. 2006. Vol. 14. Issue 4. P. 457-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bloxham D. Beyond ‘Realism’ and Legalism: A Historical Perspective on the Limits of International Humanitarian Law – European Review. 2006. Vol. 14. Issue 4. P. 457-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cassese A. International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. 472 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cassese A. International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. 472 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow P.Y.S. On Obligations Erga Omnes Partes. – Georgetown Journal of International Law. 2021. Vol. 52. P. 469-504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow P.Y.S. On Obligations Erga Omnes Partes. – Georgetown Journal of International Law. 2021. Vol. 52. P. 469-504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christenson G.A. Jus Cogens: Guarding Interests Fundamental to International Society. – Virginia Journal of International Law. 1998. Vol. 28. Issue 3. P. 585-648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christenson G.A. Jus Cogens: Guarding Interests Fundamental to International Society. – Virginia Journal of International Law. 1998. Vol. 28. Issue 3. P. 585-648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Direitos Humanos e Estado de Direito – protecção no quadro europeu e internacional. Ed. by M.L. Duarte, A.R. Gil, T.F. Freitas. Lisbon: AAFDL. 2022. 918 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Direitos Humanos e Estado de Direito – protecção no quadro europeu e internacional. Ed. by M.L. Duarte, A.R. Gil, T.F. Freitas. Lisbon: AAFDL. 2022. 918 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domestici-Met M.-J. Cent ans après La Haye, cinquante ans après Genève: le droit international humanitaire au temps de la guerre civile. – Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge. 1999. Vol. 81. No. 834. P. 277-301</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domestici-Met M.-J. Cent ans après La Haye, cinquante ans après Genève: le droit international humanitaire au temps de la guerre civile. – Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge. 1999. Vol. 81. No. 834. P. 277-301</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dugard J. Palestine and the International Criminal Court: Institutional Failure or Bias?. – Journal of International Criminal Justice. Vol. 11. Issue 3. 2013. P. 563-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqt025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dugard J. Palestine and the International Criminal Court: Institutional Failure or Bias?. – Journal of International Criminal Justice. Vol. 11. Issue 3. 2013. P. 563-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqt025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupuy P.-M. Reviewing the Difficulties of Codification: On Ago’s Classification of Obligations of Means and Obligations of Result in Relation to State. – European Journal of International Law. 1999. Vol. 10. Issue 2. P. 371-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/10.2.371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupuy P.-M. Reviewing the Difficulties of Codification: On Ago’s Classification of Obligations of Means and Obligations of Result in Relation to State. – European Journal of International Law. 1999. Vol. 10. Issue 2. P. 371-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/10.2.371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escarameia P. O Direito Internacional Público nos Princípios do Século XXI. Coimbra: Almedina. 2003. 348 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Escarameia P. O Direito Internacional Público nos Princípios do Século XXI. Coimbra: Almedina. 2003. 348 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaja G. Jus Cogens Beyond the Vienna Convention. – Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law. Vol. 172. No. III. Leiden; Boston: Brill; Nijhoff. 1981. P. 279-289. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-8096_pplrdc_A9789024727780_03.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaja G. Jus Cogens Beyond the Vienna Convention. – Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law. Vol. 172. No. III. Leiden; Boston: Brill; Nijhoff. 1981. P. 279-289. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-8096_pplrdc_A9789024727780_03.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gouveia J.B. Direito Internacional penal – Uma Perspectiva Dogmático-Crítica. Coimbra: Almedina. 2008. 528 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gouveia J.B. Direito Internacional penal – Uma Perspectiva Dogmático-Crítica. Coimbra: Almedina. 2008. 528 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerreiro A. A Ingerência Interestatal no Quadro do Direito Internacional Público. Coimbra: Almedina. 2021. 444 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerreiro A. A Ingerência Interestatal no Quadro do Direito Internacional Público. Coimbra: Almedina. 2021. 444 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerreiro A. A Resistência dos Estados Africanos à Jurisdição do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Coimbra: Almedina. 2012. 148 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerreiro A. A Resistência dos Estados Africanos à Jurisdição do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Coimbra: Almedina. 2012. 148 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerreiro A. The legal status of the principle of non-intervention. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2022. No.1. P. 6-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-1-6-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerreiro A. The legal status of the principle of non-intervention. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2022. No.1. P. 6-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-1-6-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guilfoyle D. SS Lotus (France v Turkey) (1927). – Landmark Cases in Public International Law. Ed. by E. Bjorge, C. Miles. USA: Hart Publishing. 2017. P. 89-110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guilfoyle D. SS Lotus (France v Turkey) (1927). – Landmark Cases in Public International Law. Ed. by E. Bjorge, C. Miles. USA: Hart Publishing. 2017. P. 89-110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Law. Ed. by M.D. Evans. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. 896 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Law. Ed. by M.D. Evans. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. 896 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iontcheva Turner J. Defence Perspectives on Fairness and Efficiency at the International Criminal Court. – The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law. Ed. by K.J. Heller [et al.]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020. P. 39-68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iontcheva Turner J. Defence Perspectives on Fairness and Efficiency at the International Criminal Court. – The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law. Ed. by K.J. Heller [et al.]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020. P. 39-68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klabbers J. The changing image of international organizations. – The legitimacy of international organizations. Ed. by J.-M. Coicaud, V. Heiskanen. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. 2001. P. 221-255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klabbers J. The changing image of international organizations. – The legitimacy of international organizations. Ed. by J.-M. Coicaud, V. Heiskanen. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. 2001. P. 221-255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ku J., Nzelibe J. Do International Criminal Tribunals Deter or Exacerbate Humanitarian Atrocities?. – Washington University Law Review. 2006. Vol. 84. Issue 4. P. 777- 833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ku J., Nzelibe J. Do International Criminal Tribunals Deter or Exacerbate Humanitarian Atrocities?. – Washington University Law Review. 2006. Vol. 84. Issue 4. P. 777- 833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lusa B.F. General international law in the relations between international organizations and their members. – Leiden Journal of International Law. 2019. Vol. 32. Issue 4. P. 653-673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156519000347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lusa B.F. General international law in the relations between international organizations and their members. – Leiden Journal of International Law. 2019. Vol. 32. Issue 4. P. 653-673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156519000347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meron T. The Humanization of International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006. 551 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meron T. The Humanization of International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006. 551 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills A. Rethinking Jurisdiction in International Law. – British Yearbook of International Law. 2014. Vol. 84. Issue 1. P. 187-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/bru003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills A. Rethinking Jurisdiction in International Law.  – British Yearbook of International Law. 2014. Vol. 84. Issue 1. P. 187-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/bru003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morris M.H. Universal Jurisdiction in a Divided World: Conference Remarks. – New England Law Review. 2001. Vol. 35. P. 337-361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morris M.H. Universal Jurisdiction in a Divided World: Conference Remarks. – New England Law Review. 2001. Vol. 35. P. 337-361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Sullivan A. Universal Jurisdiction in International Criminal Law: The Debate and the Battle for Hegemony. United Kingdom: Routledge. 2017. 243 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Sullivan A. Universal Jurisdiction in International Criminal Law: The Debate and the Battle for Hegemony. United Kingdom: Routledge. 2017. 243 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paulus A. Whether Universal Values can Prevail over Bilateralism and Reciprocity. – Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law. Ed. by A. Cassese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. P. 89-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691661.003.0008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paulus A. Whether Universal Values can Prevail over Bilateralism and Reciprocity. – Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law. Ed. by A. Cassese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. P. 89-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691661.003.0008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedretti R. Immunity of Heads of State and State Officials for International Crimes. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. 2015. 488 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedretti R. Immunity of Heads of State and State Officials for International Crimes. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. 2015. 488 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plesch D., Sattler S. Before Nuremberg: Considering the Work of the United Nations War Crimes Commission of 1943-1948. – Historical Origins of International Criminal Law. Vol. I. Ed. by M. Bergsmo, C.W. Ling, Y.Ping. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher. 2014. P. 437-474.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plesch D., Sattler S. Before Nuremberg: Considering the Work of the United Nations War Crimes Commission of 1943-1948. – Historical Origins of International Criminal Law. Vol. I. Ed. by M. Bergsmo, C.W. Ling, Y.Ping. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher. 2014. P. 437-474.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proelss A. Article 34. – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: a Commentary. 2nd. ed. Ed. by O. Dörr, K. Schmalenbach. Berlin: Springer. 2018. P. 655-698.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proelss A. Article 34. – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: a Commentary. 2nd. ed. Ed. by O. Dörr, K. Schmalenbach. Berlin: Springer. 2018. P. 655-698.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayapin S. The Implementation of Crimes Against Peace and Security of Mankind in the Penal Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – Asian Journal of International Law. 2020. Vol. 10. Issue 1. P. 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251319000110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayapin S. The Implementation of Crimes Against Peace and Security of Mankind in the Penal Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – Asian Journal of International Law. 2020. Vol. 10. Issue 1. P. 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251319000110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scharf M.P. The ICC’s Jurisdiction Over the Nationals of Non-Party States: A Critique of the U.S. Position. – The United States and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law. Ed. by S.B. Sewall, C. Kaysen. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. 2000. P. 213-236/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scharf M.P. The ICC’s Jurisdiction Over the Nationals of Non-Party States: A Critique of the U.S. Position. – The United States and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law. Ed. by S.B. Sewall, C. Kaysen. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. 2000. P. 213-236/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmalenbach K. Acts of International Organizations as Extraneous Material for Treaty Interpretation. – Netherlands International Law Review. 2022. Vol. 69. P. 271-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-022-00224-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmalenbach K. Acts of International Organizations as Extraneous Material for Treaty Interpretation. – Netherlands International Law Review. 2022. Vol. 69. P. 271-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-022-00224-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt B. Foreword. – The International Criminal Court in Turbulent Times. Ed. by G. Werle, A. Zimmermann. Berlin: Springer. 2019. P. V-XI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt B. Foreword. – The International Criminal Court in Turbulent Times. Ed. by G. Werle, A. Zimmermann. Berlin: Springer. 2019. P. V-XI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skuratova A.Y. Rossiya i Rimskii statut Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda [Russia and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2016. No. 4. P. 125-137. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2016-4-125-137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skuratova A.Y. Rossiya i Rimskii statut Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda [Russia and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2016. No. 4. P. 125-137. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2016-4-125-137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stahn C. A Critical Introduction to International Criminal Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2019. 468 p. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108399906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stahn C. A Critical Introduction to International Criminal Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2019. 468 p. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108399906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. Vol.1. Ed. by B. Simma [et al.]. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. 2000 p. DOI: 10.1093/law/9780199639762.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. Vol.1. Ed. by B. Simma [et al.]. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. 2000 p. DOI: 10.1093/law/9780199639762.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court. Ed. by M.C. Bassiouni, W.A. Schabas. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill. 2016. 1624 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court. Ed. by M.C. Bassiouni, W.A. Schabas. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill. 2016. 1624 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Ed. by A. Cassese, P. Gaeta, J.R.W.D. Jones. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. 2018 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Ed. by A. Cassese, P. Gaeta, J.R.W.D. Jones. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. 2018 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Ed. by O. Triffterer, K. Ambos. 3rd. ed. Munich; Oxford; Baden-Baden: C. H. Beck;Hart;Nomos. 2016. 2000 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Ed. by O. Triffterer, K. Ambos. 3rd. ed. Munich; Oxford; Baden-Baden: C. H. Beck;Hart;Nomos. 2016. 2000 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Werner W. The never-ending closure: constitutionalism and international law. – Transnational Constitutionalism: International and European Perspectives. Ed. by N. Tsagourias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. P. 329-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495076.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Werner W. The never-ending closure: constitutionalism and international law. – Transnational Constitutionalism: International and European Perspectives. Ed. by N. Tsagourias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. P. 329-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495076.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wet E. de. Jus cogens and obligations erga omnes. – The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law. Ed. by. D. Shelton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. P. 541-561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199640133.003.0024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wet E. de. Jus cogens and obligations erga omnes. – The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law. Ed. by. D. Shelton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. P. 541-561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199640133.003.0024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams S.A. The Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court – Universal Jurisdiction or State Consent – To Make or Break the Package Deal. – International Law Studies. 2000. Vol. 75. P. 539-563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams S.A. The Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court – Universal Jurisdiction or State Consent – To Make or Break the Package Deal. – International Law Studies. 2000. Vol. 75. P. 539-563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yastrebova A.Yu. Otdel'nye podkhody k sisteme spetsial'nykh printsipov mezhdunarodnogo gumanitarnogo prava: soderzhanie i evolyutsiya [Particular approaches to the system of international humanitarian law special principles: substance and evolution]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2022. No.3. P. 6-18. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-3-6-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yastrebova A.Yu. Otdel'nye podkhody k sisteme spetsial'nykh printsipov mezhdunarodnogo gumanitarnogo prava: soderzhanie i evolyutsiya [Particular approaches to the system of international humanitarian law special principles: substance and evolution]. – Moscow Journal of International Law. 2022. No.3. P. 6-18. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-3-6-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu D. China and the International Criminal Court. Singapore: Palgrave. 2018. 298 p</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu D. China and the International Criminal Court. Singapore: Palgrave. 2018. 298 p</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
