mgimolawМосковский журнал международного праваMoscow Journal of International Law0869-00492619-0893Moscow State Institute of International Relations10.24833/0869-0049-2021-4-21-39mgimolaw-2611Research ArticleМЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО И ОКРУЖАЮЩАЯ СРЕДАINTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWКак преодолеть бессилие экологического права в эпоху антропоцена: основы экоцентричного праваHow to Overcome Impotence of Environmental Law in the Age of Anthropocene: Foundations of Ecocentric Lawhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0386-3595ПличаничС.PlicanicS.

Сенко Пличанич, доцент

Полянская насыпь, д. 2, Любляна, Si-1000

Senko Plicanic, Associate Professor

2, Poljanski nasip, Ljubljana, Si-1000

senko.plicanic@pf.uni-lj.siФакультет права, Университет ЛюбляныСловенияFaculty of Law, University of LjubljanaSlovenia202131012022042139Copyright © Пличанич С., 20222022Пличанич С.Plicanic S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2611

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Данная научная статья посвящена причинам неэффективности («бессилия») современного экологического права как ответа нормативной системы на «уничтожение Природы». Масштабы разрушения природной среды увеличиваются. Следовательно, право охраны окружающей среды не смогло привести к возрождению «уничтоженной Природы».МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В соответствии с принципами объяснительных и теоретических исследований, автор статьи применял исторический метод юридической науки, а также такие общенаучные методы познания, как анализ, синтез, аналогия, описание и дедукция.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Существенные причины чрезмерности (неумеренности) во взаимодействии человека и природы (причины «уничтожения Природы») и/или причины неэффективности современного экологического права следует искать в преобладающей антропоцентричной культурной парадигме западных стран, ориентированных на безграничный материальный прогресс. Поскольку антропоцентризм (эксплуататорское мышление) как основа человеческого утилитаристского взаимодействия с окружающей средой привел к «уничтожению Природы», не вызывает сомнений, что экологическое мышление в рамках антропоцентричной трактовки Природы не может привести к ее «возрождению». Только принятие экоцентричной трактовки Природы может привести к ее «возрождению». Западные государства должны следовать этому направлению в своем законодательстве. Таким образом, необходимо новое право охраны природы, основанное на новой, экоцентричной онтологической и этической философии.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. В настоящей статье выдвинуты начала новой экоцентричной философии права как основы современного экологического права. Научные формы реализации равенства индивидов в системе созависимых природных образований в последние десятилетия позволяют выявить исходное положение человека в мире – то есть, (равное) по отношению к Природе. Определение правил поведения, которым должен следовать человек в своем взаимодействии с Природой, подразумевает распространение идеи права как таковой (справедливости и правильности) на взаимодействие между человеком и природой, а не только на взаимодействие людей в обществе. Следовательно, экономическая деятельность должна осуществляться в правовых рамках, обеспечивающих жизнеспособность иных природных общностей. Также включение Природы в концепцию права неизбежно влечет за собой пересмотр правовых ценностей общества. Поскольку природный баланс, то есть баланс жизни (в том числе, человеческой) становится правовой ценностью, можно говорить о расширении предмета правового регулирования, то есть расширения круга ценностей, которые подлежат правовой защите. Постановка вопроса о природном балансе затрагивает проблему соотношения новой правовой ценности и существующих базовых правовых ценностей западных стран. Правовая защита природного баланса может также потребовать ограничения иных защищаемых правом ценностей, например, права на свободу передвижения или каких-либо иных прав человека. Положения о новой ценности – поддержании природного баланса – должны быть включены в «общественные договоры о государственности», то есть в конституции западных государств как одна из главных правовых ценностей наряду со «свободой», «демократией» и «частной собственностью». Включение Природы в западную систему (правовых) ценностей является conditio sine qua non действительного изменения правопорядка и, что наиболее важно, отношения человека к Природе в его повседневной жизни.

INTRODUCTION. This scientific article discusses the reaosns for inefficiency (“impotence”) of modern environmental law as a normative reaction to the “destruction of Nature”. The scope of the destruction of Nature has been broadening. The environmental protection law has thus not influenced the resurrection of “destroyed Nature”.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Consistent with explanatory and theory–building research, the methods used are those of historical legal research as well as general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, analogy, description, and deduction. RESEARCH RESULTS. The essential reasons for the current excessiveness (intemperance) of man's interaction with Nature (the reasons for the “destruction of Nature”) and/or reasons for the inefficiency of the modern environmental law should be sought for in the dominant anthropocentric cultural paradigm of the western cultures oriented towards an un-limited material progress. If anthropocentrism (exploitativeness) as the basis of human utilitarian interaction with nature has led to the “destruction of nature,” there is no doubt that the ecological reason remaining within the anthropocentric construction of Nature can not lead to its “resurrection”. Only the setting-up of the ecocentric construction of Nature may lead to the “resurrection” of Nature. This orientation must be followed by the nomos of the western cultures. A new law of nature on the basis of the new, ecocentric ontology and ethics is therefore necessary.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In this article, the basics of a new ecocentric legal philospohy as the foundation of modern environmental law have been proposed. The scientific realisation of man's equality in the network of co-dependent natural entities in the last decades shows man his initial position – that is his (equal) postition in Nature. The determination of the rules of conduct which man must respect in interaction with Nature implies an expansion of the idea of law itself (justice and correctness) towards the interaction between man and Nature and not only the interaction within human community. Consequently, the economic interaction has to be maintained within the framework ensuring the vitality of other biotic communities. Also, incorporation of Nature in the very essence of law inevitably triggers a redefinition of legal values. The natural equilibrium, i.e., the equilibrium of life (including human life) becoming a legal value, we could speak of the expansion of the legal subject, i.e. the expansion of values which are the subject of legal protection. The initial position of the natural equilibrium addresses the issue of relationship of the new legal value towards the existing fundamental legal values of the western cultures. The enforcement of the maintenance of natural equilibrium may also demand a limitation of another legally protected value, for example, the right to the freedom of movement or some other human right. The new value, i.e., the maintenance of natural equilibrium, must be incorporated in the “contracts of statehood”, that is in the constitutions of the western countries as one of main legal values, next to “freedom”,“democracy” and “private property”. The entry of Nature in the western (legal) value system is a conditio sine qua non for an efficient change in the legal order and, most importantly, for a change in man's attitude towards Nature in everyday's life.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.