mgimolawМосковский журнал международного праваMoscow Journal of International Law0869-00492619-0893Moscow State Institute of International Relations10.24833/0869-0049-2021-4-6-20mgimolaw-2610Research ArticleВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПРАВАISSUES OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAWФормирование международного права здравоохраненияThe Rise of International Health Lawhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3136-8054МаличенкоВ. С.MalichenkoV. S.

Владислав Сергеевич Маличенко, кандидат юридических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела социального законодательства

Большая Черемушкинская ул., д. 34, Москва, 117218

Vladislav S. Malichenko, Cand. Sci. (Law), Senior Researcher, Department of Social Legislation

34, ul. Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya 34, Moscow, 117218

vlad.malichenko@gmail.comИнститут законодательства и сравнительного правоведения при Правительстве Российской ФедерацииРоссияInstitute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian FederationRussian Federation20213101202204620Copyright © Маличенко В.С., 20222022Маличенко В.С.Malichenko V.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2610

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. За последние десятилетия на международном уровне под влиянием демографических процессов, экономических потрясений, увеличения распространенности ряда заболеваний и других системных проблем постепенно произошло формирование целого спектра угроз в сфере охраны здоровья, которые могут повлечь катастрофические последствия социально-экономического характера для каждого государства вне зависимости от уровня экономического развития. На сегодняшний день вопросы обеспечения всеобщего охвата услугами в сфере охраны здоровья, доступа к безопасным, качественным лекарственным средствам, контроля расходов на здравоохранение, эффективного реагирования на чрезвычайные ситуации, противодействия развитию антибиотикорезистентности входят не только в сферу интересов ВОЗ, а включены в повестку ООН, МОТ, ФАО и других межправительственных организаций. Необходимость системного решения вопросов охраны здоровья и формирования унифицированных подходов к регулированию деятельности многочисленных участников международных отношений в этой области стала стимулом постепенного развития международно-правового регулирования сферы охраны здоровья и предметом изучения ведущих ученых-юристов, а также международных организаций. В представленной статье проведен комплексный анализ исторических этапов развития международного сотрудничества в сфере охраны здоровья, послуживших основой для формирования международного права здравоохранения как новой отрасли международного права. Отдельное внимание в статье уделяется оценке роли процессов глобализации в изменении характера угроз здоровью человека и общества и их влиянию на формирование концепции глобального управления здравоохранением. Основываясь на системных проблемах, проявившихся в ходе пандемии COVID-19, автор сформулировал основные направления совершенствования международноправового регулирования сферы охраны здоровья.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. При подготовке статьи были изучены акты универсального и регионального характера, резолюции международных организаций, правовые позиции специализированных учреждений ООН, а также профессиональных научных объединений. Теоретической основой исследования являются научные труды отечественных и зарубежных ученых в области международно-правового регулирования и международных отношений в сфере охраны здоровья. Статья подготовлена с использованием общенаучных методов познания, включая формально-логический и ситуационный, и частно-правовых методов, таких как сравнительно-правовой, историко-правовой и формально-юридический.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В рамках проведенного исследования сделан вывод о формировании международного права здравоохранения как новой отрасли международного права, объединяющей международно-правовые нормы и принципы, регулирующие отношения субъектов международного права, а также иных участников международных отношений в сфере охраны здоровья человека. В работе представлены основные источники международного права в сфере охраны здоровья, а также сформулирован предмет регулирования данной отрасли права.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. Описывая особенности международного сотрудничества в сфере охраны здоровья, выражающиеся в увеличении числа вовлеченных международных организаций и иных участников, не являющихся субъектами международного права, автор обосновывает формирование концепции глобального управления здравоохранением и анализирует основные научные публикации в данной области. Изучив характер угроз в сфере охраны здоровья, сформировавшихся за последнее десятилетие под влиянием процессов глобализации, а также систематические проблемы международного сотрудничества, которые особенно ярко проявились во время пандемии коронавирусной инфекции, автор подчеркивает необходимость реализации неоднократно ранее предлагаемой инициативы по разработке акта универсального характера, формирующего основу международно-правового регулирования сферы охраны здоровья. 

INTRODUCTION. Over the past decades under the influence of demographic processes, economic shocks, morbidity increase and other systemic problems a whole spectrum of threats to health has gradually formed at the international level, characterized by severe socio-economic consequences for each country regardless of the welfare level. Today, the challenges of ensuring universal coverage of services, access to safe, quality medicines, control of health care costs, effective response to health emergencies, antibiotic resistance are not limited by the WHO regulations, but are included in the agenda of the UN, ILO, FAO and other intergovernmental organizations. The need to form a unified approach to regulate activities of numerous participants in international healthcare regulation has served as an incentive for the gradual development of international legal regulation of the field of health protection, becoming the subject of study by leading legal scholars, as well as international organizations. The presented article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main historical stages in the development of international cooperation in the field of health protection, which served as the basis for the formation of international health law in the field of health protection as a new branch of international law. Special attention in the article is paid to the assessment of the role of globalization processes in changing the nature of threats to human and public health and their impact on the formation of global health governance concept. Based on the systemic problems that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, the author formulated the main directions for improving the international legal regulation of the health sector.MATERIALS AND METHODS. During article preparation the following document were studied: acts of a universal and regional nature, resolutions of international organizations, legal positions of UN specialized agencies, as well as professional scientific associations. The theoretical basis of the research are the scientific works of national and foreign scientists in the field of international law and international relations in the field of health protection. The article was prepared using the general scientific method of cognition, including the formal logical and situational method and private law methods, such as comparative, historical and formal legal methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. Within the framework of the study, a conclusion was formulated about the formation of "international health law" as a new branch of international law, uniting international legal norms and principles governing the relations of subjects of international law, as well as other participants in international relations in the field of human health. In the work, the author presents the main sources of "international health law" and formulates the subject of regulation of this branch of law.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Describing the features of international cooperation in the field of health protection, expressed in an increase in the number of involved international organizations and other participants which are not subjects of international law, the author substantiates the formation of the concept of global health management and analyzes the main scientific publications in this area. Having studied the nature of health threats that have formed over the past decade under the influence of globalization processes, as well as the systematic problems of international cooperation demonstrated by the coronavirus pandemic, the authors emphasize the need to implement the repeatedly proposed initiative to develop a universal act that forms the basis of international legal regulation of health protection.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.