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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2021-3-6-19</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-2521</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВО МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL SECURITY LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Смертоносные автономные системы вооружений и международное право</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-6072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Владимирович Иванов, кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры международного права</p><p>119454, Москва, проспект Вернадского, д. 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Ivanov, Cand. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of International Law</p><p>76, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof.ivanovdv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-2785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корженяк</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhenyak</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Михайловна Корженяк, студент магистерской программы «Международное экономическое право»</p><p>119454, Москва, проспект Вернадского, д. 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia M. Korzhenyak, Student at the Master Program “International Economic Law”</p><p>76, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mihkor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-7455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапихина</surname><given-names>Е. C</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapikhina</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Сергеевна Лапихина, советник Правового департамента</p><p>119200, Москва, Cмоленская-Сенная пл., д. 32/34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Lapikhina, Counselor at the Legal Department</p><p>32/34, Smolenskaya-Sennaya ploshchad', Moscow, 119200</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">l_katherine@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) MFA Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов Д.В., Корженяк А.М., Лапихина Е.C., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Д.В., Корженяк А.М., Лапихина Е.C.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov D.V., Korzhenyak A.M., Lapikhina E.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2521">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2521</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В данной статье представлен авторский взгляд на сущность актуальных проблем в сфере современного международно-правового регулирования смертоносных автономных систем вооружений (САС) и международного оборота оружия. Авторы рассматривают различные аспекты новых технологий в области создания смертоносных автономных систем вооружений, определяют перспективы их решения, а также дают правовую оценку законности новых видов оружия, методов и средств ведения военных действий с точки зрения современного международного права. В статье также анализируются система и механизмы международно-правового регулирования оборота продукции военного назначения.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Предметом настоящего исследования выступают международные договоры, международно-правовые обычаи, общепризнанные принципы международного права, национальное законодательство государств. В предмет исследования также входят международные акты рекомендательного характера, доклады и иные материалы международных организаций, национальных министерств и ведомств, научная и учебная литература. Методологическую основу данного исследования составил широкий круг исследовательских методов, а именно: формально-юридический, формально-логический, сравнительнои историко-правовой. Кроме того, авторами применены системный и структурно-функциональный методы, а также методы анализа и обобщения.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Результатом проведенного исследования является заключение, во-первых, о целесообразности разработки универсального определения САС, общего подхода к пониманию их характеристик, возможностей боевого применения и параметров человеческого контроля, во-вторых, о наличии преимуществ САС в ходе проведения военных операций и решения задач национальной безопасности государств, прежде всего с точки зрения соблюдения норм международного гуманитарного права (МГП), которые все военнослужащие обязаны строго соблюдать даже в случае ведения боевых действий с применением САС. Необходимо также учитывать первостепенное значение вопросов секретности и национальной безопасности, при том, что ст. 36 Дополнительного протокола I не поясняет, подпадают ли вооружения, прошедшие модернизацию, под предусмотренные ею правовые обзоры. Она также не содержит критериев отличия новых видов оружия от таких вооружений. Поэтому важное значение в процессе регулирования оборота продукции военного назначения играют национальные механизмы экспортного контроля.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. В ходе исследования авторы приходят к следующим выводам: существующие положения МГП полностью применимы к САС; ответственность за применение САС должно нести лицо, которое управляет робототехническим комплексом или «программирует» и отдает приказ на применение САС, но конкретные формы и методы контроля со стороны человека должны оставаться на усмотрение государств; учитывая, что особенностью САС является задействование в них новых технологий, важное значение отводится статье 36 Дополнительного протокола I, которая, однако, сформулирована общо и не предполагает какой-либо отчетности и процедур верификации; приобретение или принятие на вооружение очевидно или предположительно неизбирательных систем оружия не является собственно нарушением, а могут расцениваться как действия по подготовке к нарушению; в дальнейшем международно-правовое регулирование оборота оружия следует развивать в направлении создания обязательных универсальных механизмов международно-правового регулирования, которые предотвратили бы неконтролируемый оборот и незаконное распространение оружия, включая продажу его террористам.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. This research paper presents the authors view on the essence of the problems of modern international law regulation of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) and international arms circulation. The authors dwell upon various aspects of new technologies in the field of creating LAWS, outline the prospects for the solution of the current challenges, as well as give a legal assessment of the legality of new types of weapons, methods and means of warfare from the perspective of contemporary international law. The system and mechanisms of international law regulation of the military purpose products circulation are also analyzed in this scientific work.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subject of this study comprises international treaties, international customs, general principles of international law and national legislation of states. The study also includes the analysis of international acts of different nature, reports and other documents of international organizations, national authorities, scientific and educational</p></sec><sec><title>literature</title><p>literature. The methodological basis of this study is a wide range of research methods, namely: formal-legal, formal-logical, comparative-legal and historical-legal. In addition, the researchers apply system, structural and functional methods, as well as methods of analysis and generalization.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. The result of the study is the conclusion about the perspectives of developing auniversal definition of LAWS, as well as a common approach to understanding their characteristics and parameters of human control, and also about the advantages of LAWS in the course of military operations and solving national security problems of states, primarily in terms of compliance with IHL rules, which all military personnel are required to strictly observe. It is also necessary to take into account the crucial role of the issues of secrecy and national security, while Article 36 of Additional Protocol I does not contain criteria for distinguishing new types of weapons from other types of weapons, for example, from those that have undergone multi-stage modernization. It can be stated that at present there are only separate and insuffi ently effective mechanisms of international law regulation due to their voluntary basis. Therefore, national export control mechanisms are of paramount importance for the process of regulating the circulation of military purpose products, which is an essential element of national sovereignty.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The authors come to the following conclusions: the existing provisions of IHL are fully applicable to LAWS; responsibility for the use of LAWS should be borne by the person who manages the robotic complex or «programs» and gives the order to use LAWS, but the specific forms and methods of human control should remain at the discretion of states; Article 36 of Additional Protocol I provides extremely limited opportunities to prevent the creation of new weapons systems, does not require any reporting and control format; research and development of new types ofweapons are secret, and the acquisition or adoption of obviously or presumably indiscriminate weapons systems are not a violation, but rather a preparation for a violation or an activity of a controversial nature; further improvement of the international law regulation of arms circulation should be developed by creating mandatory universal mechanisms of international law regulation that would prevent the uncontrolled circulation and illegal distribution of weapons, including their sale to terrorists.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>смертоносные автономные системы вооружений</kwd><kwd>Конвенция о «негуманном» оружии</kwd><kwd>новые виды оружия</kwd><kwd>методы и средства ведения военных действий</kwd><kwd>оборот продукции военного назначения</kwd><kwd>международная торговля и поставки оружия</kwd><kwd>международное гуманитарное</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lethal autonomous weapons systems</kwd><kwd>Inhumane Weapons Convention</kwd><kwd>new types ofweapons</kwd><kwd>methods and means of warfare</kwd><kwd>military purpose products circulation</kwd><kwd>international arms trade and transfers</kwd><kwd>international humanitarian law</kwd><kwd>international security law</kwd><kwd>international economic law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alwardt C., Polle J. 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