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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2018-1-16-34</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-239</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ КОСМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPACE LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ КОСМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО: ОБЩИЕ ДЛЯ РОССИИ И США ВЫЗОВЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>OUTER SPACE LAW: RUSSIA – UNITED STATES COMMON CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-9388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беркман</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berkman</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор в области практики научной дипломатии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Practice of Science Diplomacy</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Paul.Berkman@tufts.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4838-2525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вылегжанин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vylegzhanin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой международного права</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of International Law</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danilalvy@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3231-8489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юзбашян</surname><given-names>М. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuzbashyan</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат юридических наук, старший преподаватель, кафедра международного права</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Law), Senior Lecturer, Department of International Law</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m_you@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-7510</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Модюи</surname><given-names>Ж.-К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mauduit</surname><given-names>J.-Ch</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заместитель директора, Центр научной дипломатии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy Director, Science Diplomacy Center</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Jean-Christophe.Mauduit@tufts.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) MFA Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>106</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Беркман П.А., Вылегжанин А.Н., Юзбашян М.Р., Модюи Ж., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Беркман П.А., Вылегжанин А.Н., Юзбашян М.Р., Модюи Ж.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Berkman P.A., Vylegzhanin A.N., Yuzbashyan M.R., Mauduit J.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/239">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/239</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Вступление в силу более 50 лет назад, 10 октября 1967 г., Договора о принципах деятельности государств по исследованию и использованию космического пространства, включая Луну и другие небесные тела (далее – Договор по космосу) обозначило становление новой отрасли международного права – международного космического права (далее – МКП). В настоящей статье рассмотрен вклад в создание и развитие МКП Советского Союза, а впоследствии – Российской Федерации, и Соединенных Штатов Америки, их ведущих юристов-международников и дипломатов, находивших способы договорного взаимодействия даже в период холодной войны, отмечены основные правовые шаги на пути к заключению Договора по космосу. Главное внимание в статье уделено содержанию этого Договора во взаимосвязи с другими источниками МКП, с учетом подходов к толкованию положений Договора и современных правовых вызовов в связи с развитием космической деятельности, в контексте ряда экономических, политических, технологических факторов, а также значению Договора для прогрессивного развития МКП. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Теоретическую основу исследования составили работы ведущих юристов-международников, специализирующихся в области МКП, а также материалы различных коллоквиумов, конференций и симпозиумов по МКП; аналитическую базу – Договор по космосу 1967 г., другие применимые международные договоры, соответствующие резолюции ГА ООН, Кейптаунская конвенция 2001 г. и Космический протокол 2012 г., документы ООН, Комитета ООН по космосу (в том числе его подкомитетов), МСЭ, ЮНИДРУА; национальное законодательство, регулирующее космическую деятельность; документы и материалы ЮНИСПЕЙС-III. Основными методами исследования являются: исторический метод, методы формальной логики, включая анализ, синтез, аналогию и моделирование, а также системный, сравнительно-правовой методы и метод толкования. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. В контексте применимых принципов и норм Договора по космосу 1967 г. в настоящей статье представлены результаты анализа других источников МКП, а также ряда нерешенных правовых вопросов, таких как 1) международно-правовой режим природных ресурсов Луны и других небесных тел; 2) использование космического пространства исключительно в мирных целях; 3) правовой статус космических туристов; 4) правовое регулирование коммерческой космической деятельности, осложненной «иностранным элементом», в рамках международного частного права и, конкретно, международного космического частного права («МКЧП»); 5) значение Кейптаунской конвенции 2001 г. и Космического протокола 2012 г. в контексте международно-правового регулирования космической деятельности, а так же, при условии вступления в силу Космического протокола, его роль как первого специального международно-правового источника МКЧП; 6) международная система регистрации гарантий в отношений космических средств как третья международная система регистрации в области космической деятельности; 7) толкование ст. VIII Договора по космосу для целей определения применимого права в отношении вещных прав на космические объекты в космосе; 8) «космический объект» и «космическое средство» как правовые понятия; 9) вопросы международной ответственности и расширение действия концепции «запускающее государство», включая предложение о дополнении пятой категорией; 10) вопросы регистрации, юрисдикции и контроля; 11) международная космическая станция и применимая правовая среда; 12) пути достижения «соответствия» международно-правовых последствий для государств в результате изменения частно-правовых отношений реальному участию «задействованных» государств в определённых видах космической деятельности. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. В результате проведенного анализа вопросов, отмеченных выше, сформулированы следующие выводы: 1) в интересах Российской Федерации, Соединенных Штатов Америки, других космических держав считать, что Договор по космосу 1967 г. является основой для дальнейшего прогрессивного развития МКП и inter alia для упорядоченного развития коммерческой космической деятельности; 2) некоторые безотлагательные вопросы МКП могли бы быть исследованы и решены посредством аутентичного толкования положений Договора по космосу (например, путем принятия к нему соответствующих протоколов или посредством разработки единой всеобъемлющей конвенции по международному космическому праву); 3) в поиске решений обозначенных правовых вопросов космической деятельности необходимо принимать во внимание как разделение по предмету регулирования, так и соотношение и взаимодействие между применимыми источниками международного права и его отраслями, а также применимым национальным правом, т.е. необходимо опираться на комплексный, инклюзивный, целостный подход, вовлекающий в себя научную дипломатию.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>INTRODUCTION. More than fifty years ago, on October 10th, 1967, the entry into force of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (“the Outer Space Treaty”) demonstrated the emergence of a new branch of international law: international outer space law (“ISL”). This article considers the contribution of the Russian Federation / U.S.S.R. and the United States and their leading lawyers and diplomats who were able to reach treaty cooperation even during the Cold War, and highlights the main historical legal steps on the way to signing of the Outer Space Treaty. The paper further focuses on the content of the Outer Space Treaty and other sources of ISL, and depicts approaches to interpretation of the treaty provisions with respect to actual legal challenges of space activities’ development, in the context of diverse economic, political and technological factors; as well as on the role of the Outer Space Treaty in the progressive development of ISL. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The theoretical background of this research consists of works of distinguished scholars and specialists in ISL as well as materials of diverse colloquiums, workshops and conferences on ISL. The analytical framework includes the Outer Space Treaty, other relevant international treaties; relevant UN GA resolutions; the 2001 Cape Town Convention and the 2012 Space Protocol; UN, COPUOS (including its subcommittees), ITU and UNIDROIT documents; national space legislation; documents and proceedings of the UNISPACE-III. The research is based on methods such as historical research, formal logic, including analysis, synthesis, analogy and modeling, as well as systematic, comparative and interpretation. RESEARCH RESULTS. Within the context of applicable principles and norms of the Outer Space Treaty, this article specifically provides an analysis of the related provisions of other sources of ISL, as well as unsettled legal issues such as 1) the international legal regime of natural resources of the Moon and other celestial bodies; 2) the use of the outer space solely for peaceful purposes; 3) the legal status of space tourists; 4) the legal regulation of commercial space activities involving a “foreign element” within the framework of the private international law and specifically private international space law (“PISL”); 5) the role of the 2001 Cape Town Convention and the 2012 Space Protocol in the context of international legal regulation of space activities, as well as, provided the entry into force of the Space Protocol, its role as the first specific international legal source of PISL; 6) International system of registration of interests in space assets as the third international system of registration related to space activities; 7) interpretation of Art. VIII of the Outer Space Treaty for the purposes of definition of law applicable to property rights over space objects located in the outer space; 8) “space object” and “space asset” as legal terms; 9) issues of international responsibility and liability, as well as extension of the scope of the concept of the “launching State”, including a proposal on addition of a potential fifth category; 10) registration and control; 11) International Space Station in the relevant legal framework; 12) ways of reaching of due relevance of international legal consequences for states resulted from the change of private law relations to the factual “participation” of the involved states in the corresponding space activities. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. After discussing the issues noted above, this paper concludes that: 1) it is in the interest of the Russian Federation, the United States of America and other space powers to consider the role of the Outer Space Treaty as the basis for further progressive development of ISL and inter alia for orderly development of commercial space activities; 2) some burning issues of ISL, as well as other related legal challenges, can be resolved by an authentic interpretation of Outer Space Treaty provisions (e.g. by adding other specific protocols to it, or by means of a universal comprehensive convention on international space law); 3) it is important to take into account both the distinction of subject matter, as well as the relationship and interaction between diverse applicable sources and branches of international law and also relevant national legislation regarding the search for solutions of space related legal issues noted above. In sum, one needs to follow a comprehensive inclusive and coherent approach, involving science diplomacy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Договор по космосу 1967 г.</kwd><kwd>международное космическое право</kwd><kwd>договоры ООН по космосу</kwd><kwd>космическое пространство</kwd><kwd>космический объект</kwd><kwd>международная ответственность</kwd><kwd>концепция «запускающее государство»</kwd><kwd>международно-правовой режим природных ресурсов Луны и других небесных тел</kwd><kwd>космические ресурсы</kwd><kwd>международная космическая станция</kwd><kwd>коммерческая космическая деятельность</kwd><kwd>Кейптаунская конвенция 2001 г.</kwd><kwd>Космический протокол 2012 г.</kwd><kwd>международная система регистрации гарантий в отношении космических средств</kwd><kwd>международная гарантия</kwd><kwd>космическое средство</kwd><kwd>международное космическое частное право</kwd><kwd>единая всеобъемлющая конвенция по международному космическому праву</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>the 1967 Outer Space Treaty</kwd><kwd>international space law</kwd><kwd>UN treaties on Outer Space</kwd><kwd>Outer Space</kwd><kwd>space object</kwd><kwd>international responsibility and liability</kwd><kwd>concept of the “launching state”</kwd><kwd>international legal regime of natural resources of the Moon and other celestial bodies</kwd><kwd>space resources</kwd><kwd>International Space Station</kwd><kwd>commercial space activities</kwd><kwd>the 2001 Cape Town Convention</kwd><kwd>the 2012 Space Protocol</kwd><kwd>international registration system for space assets</kwd><kwd>international interest</kwd><kwd>space asset</kwd><kwd>private international space law</kwd><kwd>uniform comprehensive convention on international space law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brisibe T.C. 2013. 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