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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimolaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский журнал международного права</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Journal of International Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Institute of International Relations</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/0869-0049-2021-2-35-60</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimolaw-1190</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПРАВА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Понятие «порядок, основанный на правилах»  и международное право</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Term “Rules-based International Order” in  International Legal Discourses</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4833-2525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вылегжанин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vylegzhanin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Николаевич Вылегжанин, доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой международного права</p><p>Проспект Вернадского, д. 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander N. Vylegzhanin, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of International Law</p><p>76, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danilalvy@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7762-5979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедов</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedov</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борис Иванович Нефёдов, доктор юридических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры международного права</p><p>Проспект Вернадского, д. 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris I. Nefedov, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of International Law</p><p>76, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow,  119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">boris-nefedov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1229-0012</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронин</surname><given-names>Е. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronin</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Ростиславович Воронин, Чрезвычайный и Полномочный посол в отставке, кандидат юридических наук, профессор кафедры международного права</p><p>Проспект Вернадского, д. 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny R. Voronin, Retired Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Cand. Sci. (Law), Professor at the Department of International Law</p><p>76, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow,  119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tverv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0593-3101</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магомедова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Magomedova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Сергеевна Магомедова, аспирант кафедры международного права</p><p>Проспект Вернадского, д. 76, Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga S. Magomedova, Post-graduate student at the Department of International law</p><p>76, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow,  119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.magomedova.96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8647-7410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зотова</surname><given-names>П. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zotova</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полина Константиновна Зотова, Департамент внешнеэкономических и международныхсвязей</p><p>Вознесенский переулок, д. 22, Москва, 125009</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina K. Zotova, Department for External Economic and International Relations</p><p>22, Voznesenskiy per., Moscow,  125009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zotovapk@mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) MFA Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Правительство г. Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Government of Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вылегжанин А.Н., Нефедов Б.И., Воронин Е.Р., Магомедова О.С., Зотова П.К., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вылегжанин А.Н., Нефедов Б.И., Воронин Е.Р., Магомедова О.С., Зотова П.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vylegzhanin A.N., Nefedov B.I., Voronin E.R., Magomedova O.S., Zotova P.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/1190">https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/1190</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. На многих международных площадках и с национальных политических трибун всё чаще используется термин «международный порядок, основанный на правилах». Исходный вопрос состоит в том, является ли этот термин чисто политическим (поскольку он не используется ни в Уставе ООН, ни в других универсальных международных конвенциях, и на этот термин не опираются ни Международный суд ООН, ни Комиссия международного права ООН)? С другой стороны, с популяризацией этого политического дискурса частая практика использования данного термина представителями отдельных государств (причем не только западных, но и, например, Китая) может повлиять и на развитие международного права. Само использование данного термина определенно вызывает ряд других вопросов. Как термин «порядок, основанный на правилах» соотносится с общепризнанным термином «международно-правовой порядок»? Имеет ли идея применять термин «порядок, основанный на правилах» существенные правовые основания? Какие правила in concreto подразумеваются под этим термином? Кто и как создает эти правила? Какова природа этих правил – являются ли они нормами национального права, и если да, то национальным правом какого государства? Если имеются в виду нормы международного права, то почему это не отражено в самом термине? Ввиду привлекательной формы, но при отсутствии общего понимания его содержания, это понятие получает широкое распространение при том, что каждый может придать ему разный смысл. В результате, получают ли некоторые должностные лица, представляющие государства, политическую возможность злоупотреблять международным правопорядком, установленным на основе современного международного права? В настоящей статье представлен анализ этих проблемных аспектов концепции «порядок, основанный на правилах», учитывая, что в контексте международных отношений его также называют «международным порядком, основанным на правилах». Дополнительный вопрос, на который нужно ответить, заключается в том, может ли данная концепция рассматриваться как одна из многочисленных попыток адаптировать действующее международное право к новым вызовам.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Работа основана на анализе многочисленных высказываний представителей государств, в которых проявляется их отношение к концепции «порядок, основанный на правилах», положительных и критических замечаний к этой концепции со стороны юристов-международников, а также научных публикаций других отечественных и зарубежных исследователей-международников. Методологический инструментарий включает общенаучные и специальные методы, в том числе исторический метод, методы формальной логики, анализа, синтеза, а также системные, сравнительно-правовые методы.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Хотя вышеупомянутые вопросы о правовом значении термина «порядок, основанный на правилах» возникли только в последние годы, главным образом в контексте антироссийской риторики западных политиков, этот термин использовался гораздо раньше на разных уровнях по широкому кругу тем. Проблема не единообразного понимания данного термина является одним из отражений более общей проблемы ослабления или усиления универсального, юридически общеобязательного международного порядка. Одним из приемлемых вариантов представляется то толкование данного понятия, согласно которому «международный порядок, основанный на правилах» означает, прежде всего, порядок в мире, основанный на нормах международного права (которые, как известно, имеют обязательный характер), а также на применимых необязательных международных правилах, содержащих нормативный элемент, таких как международные правила, предусмотренные в документах межправительственных организаций и конференций, политических договоренностях государств и другие общепризнанные правила, сформировавшиеся в современной практике международных отношений. Такое толкование позволяет привести данную концепцию в соответствие с современным международным правом. Но даже в рамках такого толкования необходимо проводить различие между международно-правовыми нормами (обязательными) и другими правилами (не создающими обязательств государств согласно международному праву). Тем самым, не будет допускаться одностороннее или «блокирующее» навязывание ценностей одного государства другим под видом правил, на которых, по мнению первого, основывается «порядок» в мире.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И ВЫВОДЫ. При преобладании другого толкования концепция «порядок, основанный на правилах» может негативно влиять на существующий международный правопорядок, размывая установившуюся практику международного правотворчества, тем самым отвергая традиционные международные ценности правовой стабильности и снижая роль международного права в международных отношениях. Такой сценарий не только множит правовую неясность и даже необоснованные ожидания участников международных процессов, но и может привести к подрыву самих основ современного международного права, основанного на Уставе ООН. Последнее, в свою очередь, приведет к глобальной правовой нестабильности и резко повысит риски третьей мировой войны. На данный момент частое злоупотребление термином «порядок, основанный на правилах» представителями государств-членов НАТО в поддержку своих политически конъюнктурных заявлений, келейно согласованных между собой, препятствует достижению на универсальном уровне взаимоприемлемого понимания данной концепции, которая соответствовала бы международному праву.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The term “rules-based order” is increasingly referred to in speeches within many international forums as well as declared from national political tribunes. The initial question is whether this notion is of purely political nature (since it is not used in the UN Charter or in other universal international conventions and this term is not relied upon by the International Court of Justice or by the UN International Law Commission). On the other hand, with the popularization of such a political discourse, the frequent usage of this term by representatives of some states (not only of Western States, but also of China, for example) can affect international law. The very application of this term definitely provokes a splash of other questions. How does the term “rules-based order” correlate with the universally recognized term “international legal order”? Does the idea to use the term “rules-based order” have substantive legal grounds? Which rules in concreto1 are meant by the term? Who and how creates these rules? What is the nature of these rules – are they rules of national law and if so – national rules of what State? If these are rules of international law – why is it not reflected in the term? Due to the attractive wording the concept gets widespread, but lacking a common understanding of its content, everyone might put a different meaning into the concept. Does it result in the fact that some officials, representing states, become politically entitled with the right to abuse the international legal order as it is established by modern international law? This research examines these theoretic aspects of the concept “rules-based order”, taking into account that in the context of international relations it may be referred to also as “rules-based international order”. An additional question to answer is whether the concept might be regarded as one of the numerous attempts to adapt the current international law to new challenges.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research paper is based on the analysis of numerous statements of representatives of states, in which their attitude to the “rules-based order” concept is manifested, positive and critical remarks relating to the concept made by international lawyers, as well as other research papers of Russian and foreign international scholars. The methodological instruments include general scientific and special methods, among them the historical method, methods of formal logic, analysis, synthesis, as well as systemic, comparative legal methods.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH RESULTS</title><p>RESEARCH RESULTS. Although the above-noted questions about the legal meaning of the term “rulesbased order” have arisen only in recent years mainly in the context of the anti-Russian rhetoric of Western politicians, the term has been used much earlier at different levels in a wide variety of topics. The question of inconsistent perceptions of this term is another reflection of a more general problem of weakening or strengthening the universal legally binding international order. One of the appropriate interpretive versions of this concept might be that “rules-based order” means first and foremost the world order which is based on norms of international law (which are mandatory as well known), and on applicable non-binding international rules containing a normative element, such as international rules provided in the documents of intergovernmental organizations and conferences, interstate political arrangements, and other mutually accepted rules, formed in the contemporary practice of international relations. This interpretation allows to bring the concept in line with modern international law. Nevertheless, even within such interpretation, it is necessary to respect the distinction between the norms of international law, which are binding, and other rules, which do not create State’s obligations under international law. Thus, unilateral or “blocking” imposition of values of one State on other States under the guise of rules on which, according to the first State, the world order is based, will not be allowed.</p><p>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. If another interpretation prevails, the “rules-based order” concept may have a negative impact on the existing international legal order insofar as it “washes out” the established legitimate procedures of international law-making, thus rejecting traditional international values of legal stability and diminishing the role of international law in international relations. Such scenario would not only multiply legal uncertainly and even unreasonable expectations among the participants of the international processes, but also might lead to undermining the very fundamentals of modern international law based on the UN Charter. The latter in its turn will inevitably lead to the global legal instability and will dramatically increase the risks of World War III. At the moment, the frequent abuse of the term “rules-based order” by the representatives of the NATO countries in support of their politically motivated statements, agreed upon only among them, impedes achievement of accepted understanding of the concept at the universal level, that might be consistent with international law.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>порядок</kwd><kwd>основанный на правилах</kwd><kwd>международный правопорядок</kwd><kwd>верховенство международного права</kwd><kwd>международная юридическая система</kwd><kwd>мягкое право</kwd><kwd>нормативность в международном праве</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rules-based order</kwd><kwd>international legal order</kwd><kwd>the rule of law</kwd><kwd>international legal system</kwd><kwd>soft law</kwd><kwd>normativity in international law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abashidze A.Kh., Mel'shina K.Yu. 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